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Short notes on peer to peer network
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Peer to Peer technology (P2P)
Rohit Trivedi
2015297, Section E, 2015297@imtnag.ac.in
INTRODUCTION
Peer-to-peer (P2P) is an substitute, network model to that provided by traditional client-server architecture. P2P networks use a decentralised model in which each machine, referred to as a peer, functions as a client with its own layer of server functionality. A peer plays act as of a client and a server at the same time. That is, the peer can begin requests to other peers, and at the same time answer to incoming requests from other peers on the network. It differs from the traditional client-server model where a client can only send requests to a server and then wait for the server’s response. With a client-server approach, the performance
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Each peer can upload and download at the same time, and in a process like this, new peers can join the group while old peers leave at any time. This dynamic re-organisation of group peer members is transparent to end-users. Another characteristic of a P2P network is its capability in terms of fault-tolerance. When a peer goes down or is disconnected from the network, the P2P application will continue by using other peers. For example, in a Bit Torrent system, any clients downloading a certain file are also serving as servers. When a client finds one of the peers is not responding, it searches for other peers, picks up parts of the file where the old peer was, and continues the download process. Compared to a client-server model, where all communication will stop if the server is down, a P2P network is more fault-tolerant. Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage or network bandwidth, directly available …show more content…
The peer-to-peer movement allowed millions of Internet users to connect "directly, forming groups and collaborating to become user-created search engines, virtual supercomputers, and file systems." The basic concept of peer-to-peer computing was envisioned in earlier software systems and networking discussions, reaching back to principles stated in the first Request for Comments
Tim Berners-Lee's vision for the World Wide Web was close to a P2P network in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor, creating and linking content to form an interlinked "web" of links. The early Internet was more open than present day, where two machines connected to the Internet could send packets to each other without firewalls and other security measures. This contrasts to the broadcasting-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years. As a precursor to the Internet, ARPANET was a successful client-server network where "every participating node could request and serve content." However, ARPANET was not self-organized and it lacked the ability to "provide any means for context or content based routing beyond 'simple' addressed based
...ed “torrenting”. When something is “torrented”, it is spread across multiple computers in hundred of fragments. After someone has there “torrenting” software setup properly it tracks the fragments, downloads them, and re-assembles them into a duplicate of the original file. Torrenting is most common because it provides a degree of anonymity too music sharing, it is safety in numbers.
The internet was created to test new networking technologies developed to eventually aid the military. The Arpanet, advanced research projects agency network, became operational in 1968 after it was conceived by Leanard Roberts (Watrall, T101, 2/2). Ever since the Arpanet began in 1968, it grew exponentially in the number of connected users. Traffic and host population became too big for the network to maintain, due to the killer application known as email created in 1972. The outcry for a better way sparked the development of the NSFNet. The National Science Foundation Network replaced Arpanet, and ultimately had many positive effects. This early division of the internet spread its netw...
On the Internet, peer-to-peer (referred to as P2P) is a type of transient Internet network that allows a group of computer users with the same networking program to connect with each other and directly access files from one another's hard drives.
A peer-to-peer network is relatively less expensive and much simpler to manage and setup, than client/server because money does not have to be invested in establishing server hardware or software and the number of users are minimal. Since, a peer-to-peer network is only preferable on networks operating on at least five to ten computers that do not need heavy file or application sharing, the cost is reasonable. On another note, based on a network with fifteen workstations, using a peer-to-peer configuration may save money upfront, but it could cost a business a lot of time and money in the long run. The reasons for this include, the lack of a central organization, which make data harder to find, no central storage location for archiving files, which may degrade client workstation performance, and lack of overall network management.
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web, electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.
The first online peer to peer file-sharing application was Napster. Napster allowed people to copy music from their CDs onto their computers in mp3 format. They then allowed other members of Napster to download these songs onto their computers. Once this caught on, millions of people were downloading thousands of songs a day. And as you can imagine, this did not make the record companies happy with the idea that people were getting their music for free instead of buying the CD. It also caused a problem with some of the recording artists. Most notably Metallica.
Another characteristic of a P2P network is its ability regarding fault-tolerance. At the point when a companion goes down or is detached from the system, the P2P process will continue by utilizing remaining associates. As an illustration, in a Bit Torrent system, any users downloading a certain documents are likewise serving as servers. At the point when a user discovers one of the associates is not reacting...
With the popularity of the Internet, sales for CDs, DVDs, Movies, and many other products have increased. Along with the increase of sales has brought forth an ever increasing problem of illegal media being downloaded. Programs such as Bittorent, Kazaa, and other direct-connect networking programs have allowed the transferring of such illegal media. Downloading song files from the Internet over a free peer to peer network is the moral equivalent of shoplifting music CDs from the local mall.
The internet, initially developed by researchers at MIT and UCLA, had first purposes as a communications system between participating Universities. Walt Howe, Director of Libraries at Babson College, explains that the use of the system was limited to engineers, scientists, and those with the complex knowledge of computer operating systems. Because of the complexity involved many attempted to create a more user efficient system, one that home users could adopt. The most modern and user friendly system was pioneered around 1991 at University of Minnesota as a tool to access files and information local...
The Internet is the greatest invention by far because it is a global system of overt connected computers creating a networks that use TCP or IP (Internet Protocols) to link billions of devices all around the world. This form of connection began in California in the year 1969 and began to expand to other continents in 1988. It is a network of networks that consists of millions or perhaps billions of private, business, public, academic, and government networks of LAN network which are local connections to WAN networks that are global interconnections. These devices are linked by a large array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet contains an unfathomable amount of information resources and services, spanning from simple social media apps to amounts of code that outnumber the number of people on Earth. The World Wide Web is what people use to communicate with each other from around the world, the applications we use are electronic
This project was originally conducted under the Advanced Research Projects Agency to counteract the USSR’s launch of the Sputnik. After the creation it had been called the Arpanet, and would be used specifically for government networks until the early 90’s. In 1990 the World Wide Web had been created as an online public network for everyday civilians to use.
Since the development of the Internet in late 1980s, communication has changed enormously. The Internet has altered the lives of people in the world in a way that was never imagined before. As little as a decade ago, if someone tried to explain the Internet and World Wide Web, it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to understand. Computers were just beginning to become popular and few individuals realized the capacity of one PC, let alone the power of a network of electronic technology. By linking together computers, users could remotely access others on the network, share information, and send electronic mail as easily as pushing a button. Millions of people with shared interests, exchange information and build communities through Web sites, email and instant-messaging software.
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The Internet enables communication and transmission of data between computers at different locations. The Internet is a computer application that connects tens of thousands of interconnected computer networks that include 1.7 million host computers around the world. The basis of connecting all these computers together is by the use of ordinary telephone wires. Users are then directly joined to other computer users at there own will for a small connection fee per month. The connection conveniently includes unlimited access to over a million web sites twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. There are many reasons why the Internet is important these reasons include: The net adapts to damage and error, data travels at 2/3 the speed of light on copper and fiber, the internet provides the same functionality to everyone, the net is the fastest growing technology ever, the net promotes freedom of speech, the net is digital, and can correct errors. Connecting to the Internet cost the taxpayer little or nothing, since each node was independent, and had to handle its own financing and its own technical requirements.
All around the world people connected to the internet are downloading free digital content through P2P file sharing software.
The invention of 1960s has revolutionized the computer and communications world. It is a wide network of networks typically inter-connected by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies that has no geographical constraints whatsoever. Unlike technologies such as the telephone or the light bulb, the internet has no single ‘inventor’. Credit has to be given to dozens of pioneering scientists, programmers and engineers who overcame the obstacles of complex software and hardware designing over a period of time. The result is a miraculous medium of communication, often termed as the ‘information superhighway’. The history of internet can thus be termed as the ‘evolution’ of internet rather than the ‘invention’ of internet.