Introduction
The cervical spine is a very important aspect of the body. It is responsible for protecting the spinal cord, supporting the head while allowing movement, and facilitating blood flow to the brain. Cervical spine injuries occur most commonly from diving among the recreational sports. Among organized athletic activities, football is also a sport that the injury commonly occurs in. Injuries have also occurred in ice skating, hockey, rugby, snow skiing, baseball, gymnastics, soccer, and other activities. In the United States, the most common sports associated with vertebral column injury are football and wrestling. Football, wrestling, and gymnastics are the most common activities resulting in neurologic deficit from cervical spine trauma. Anatomy
The cervical spine or c-spine is divided into two distinct regions: the axial and subaxial. The axial contains the first two segments, the atlas and axial. The atlas rotates around the axis to provide rotation. C3-C7 are connected by Facet Joints. These are responsible for forward and backward motions. The developmental anatomy of the axial vertebrae is different from the subaxial anatomy. The atlas has three primary ossification
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Urgent surgical intervention is more common in patients with an incomplete spinal injury. If the neurologic dysfunction worsens, urgent surgical intervention is necessary. The decision to operate depends on many circumstances. The cause and extent of the injury and spinal stability issues is to be taken in consideration. The type of surgery to be performed is decided by the surgeon. Surgery to treat a spinal injury involves decompressing the spine and stabilizing the spine. Surgery may not reverse spinal cord damage. However, decompression and spinal stabilization are important to prevent pain, deformity, and progression of neurologic deficits such as weakness, tingling, bowel or bladder
warm) in the left upper and lower extremities; decreased strength and movement of the right upper and lower extremities and of the left abdominal muscles; lack of triceps and biceps reflexes in the right upper extremity; atypical response of patellar, Achilles (hyper) reflexes in the right lower extremity; abnormal cremasteric reflex in the right groin; fracture in cervical vertebrae #7; and significant swelling in the C7-T12 region of the spinal canal (Signs and symptoms, n.d.). The objective complaint of a severe headache could also be consistent with a spinal cord injury (Headache, nausea, and vomiting,
Following behind motor vehicle crashes, traumatic brain injury in sports is the second leading cause of traumatic brain injuries for people fifth-teen to twenty-four years of age. Immense concerns follows given that American football accounts for the highest incidence of concussions (Rowson and Duma 2130). In addition, th...
What is scoliosis? Scoliosis is a musculoskeletal disorder that causes the back to curve sideways like and “S” or a “C” and cause the body to lean to one side. Scoliosis can eventually if not looked into and not treated colid with your bodily organs like your heart, lungs, and kidneys. This can cause you to slump down into a hump and cause it hard to breath and do physical activity.
Ben Roethlisberger, commonly known as Big Ben is a quarterback player of Pittsburgh Steelers who suffered a Lisfranc injury in a game. He was carted off because of his serious foot injury that will compromise his mobility and scramble ability.
Concussions and the effect they have on people ranging from the young to the old has become a very popular discussion in recent years. Generally people watch sports for entertainment and then there are those who engage in high impact sports from a very young age on. The people at home know how fun playing in a sport is, however they may not know the brutal consequences for some participating in that sport. Injuries to the brain are a main concern among those in the world of high impact sports. Football, soccer, wrestling, lacrosse, and rugby are among sports that athletes receive injuries in. The injuries vary from sprains, to fractures, to torn MCL or ACL, and bruised organs. Concussions are a severe type of injury endured by athletes in the sports world and this life changing injury is one that people are becoming more aware of.
Ice hockey is a fast-paced and full contact sport whether you are in a body checking league or not. However with a full contact sports, concussions are unfortunately inevitable. There are numerous factors that play into the number of concussions in ice hockey. Body checking and numerous head impact injuries that occur in hockey are a huge reason for concussions. Although administrators are taking steps towards concussion prevention and education, this education is proving to be ineffective. This paper will take a look at the various injury mechanisms that contribute to concussions and other head-impact injuries in ice hockey, as well as discussing concussion education.
The axial skeleton is part of the skeleton where there is bones at the top and bottom of a vertebrate. The human skeleton has 80 bones and is made of 6 parts. The axial skeleton has 2 responsibilities. The first is to support and defend the organs in the dorsal and ventral cavities. The second is to make a surface for the muscles.
The vertebral column of the body remains stable due to the isometric co-contraction of the erector spinae, rectus abdominus and the e...
The spinal cord is a major channel in the body where motor and sensory information travels from the brain to the body. It has white matter that surrounds a central gray matter. The gray matter is where most of the neuronal cells are located. Injury to the spinal cord will affect the conduction of information across any part of the spinal cord where the damage is located (Maynard et al., 1997). This will often result in permanent disability of a certain muscle or region of the body (Meletis et al., 2008) and a loss of tissue where the damage is located (Peng et al., 2009). As of now, there is no treatment for spinal cord injury expect for steroids. All steroids can do is provide protect of the spinal cord from secondary injury for specific patients (Peng et al., 2009).
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, backbone and rib cage which forms the upright axis of the body. It helps to protect the brain, spinal cord and organs in the chest.
Most cases of scoliosis (about 80%) are classified idiopathic, meaning the causes are unknown. Scoliosis may also result from muscle paralysis. With early treatments, spinal curvature progression can be stopped and reversed using a relatively simple treatment plan based on the same principles used by orthodontists to straighten teeth. Treatment of scoliosis depends on the severity of the curvature. It may be limited to wearing a corrective back brace. If the curvature is extreme or continues to progress, it may require surgery. During this procedure a metal rob is inserted to support the spine and packed in place with bone fragments from the pelvis.
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. The axial skeleton is a vital part of the skeletal structure e.g. bones as it protects the CNS (central nervous system); it also provides attachment of other bones and muscles in the body e.g. arms and legs
The ultrasound field is a very physically involved field, from having to help move a patient into the proper position for scanning, having to hold awkward positions to work around a patient that is unable to move, and scanning itself is physical. The physicality of scanning is often the reason why the ultrasound field is commonly plagued with many musculoskeletal disorders. The diagnostic medical sonography field has a prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries of 81 percent. For this reason it is important to know the proper technique and exercises that can be done to help prevents musculoskeletal injuries. My goal in this paper is to bring understanding to what musculoskeletal disorders are and what can be
Yanagawa, Y., & Miyawaki, H. (2012). Importance of checking prehospital neurological findings to reveal incidence of spinal cord concussion. Spinal Cord, 50, 278-280. doi:10.1038/sc.2011.151
Scoliosis is a deformity that occurs when the spine becomes abnormally curved and sideways. The angle of the curve may vary, from small to large, but is considered scoliosis if the angle measures more than 10 degrees. In most cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown. These cases of unknown scoliosis are considered to be idiopathic. If the scoliosis does have a clear cause doctors consider it to be structural or nonstructural. Structural scoliosis causes the spine to be curved and rigid. It cannot be reversed. In nonstructural scoliosis the spine is normal, but looks curved. Problems such as muscle spasms, and different lengths of one’s leg can cause this. This type of scoliosis will go away when the problem is corrected. Other causes are neuromuscular conditions, birth defects, and injures to the spine. Congenital scoliosis begins while the baby is developing in the womb, before birth. Degenerative scoliosis begins in adulthood as the disks and joints in the lower back begin to wear out. Signs and symptoms of scoliosis include uneven shoulders,