Pin point pupil
What is the pupil?
The pupil is a rounded medium sized hole which allows light into the eye that hits the retina (located at the back of the eye). It is located at the center of the iris as shown below.
Fig. 1 Parts of the eye
Normal working of the pupil
The pupil being the entry point of light, it has to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye. In bright light, the pupil usually constricts (becomes smaller) so as to reduce the amount of light reaching the retina. For a person who is in a dark room or a room with dim lighting, the pupil dilates (becomes bigger) in order to allow as much light as possible to enhance clear vision. Fig. 2 Eye in bright light (left) and eye in dim light (right)
What is pinpoint
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However, if the constriction goes below 2.0 mm in normal lighting (pinpoint size) then there is a problem caused by a disorder known as pinpoint or miosis (also myosis). The condition is usually associated with the slow reaction of the ganglion cells compared to the cone and rod cells which are all photoreceptors. Pinpoint pupils are important indicators for diagnostics and prognostics during emergencies.
Fig. 3 Patient with pinpoint pupil
Pupillary observation
When you visit a doctor for any diagnosis emphasis is put on observing the eye as it always gives telltale signs of underlying issues. In pupillary observation, the focus is on the size and shape of the pupils in bright light. The normal size of the pupil ranges from 2-8 mm and are equal in size. Both pupils should also react equally when examined.
The consultant then reduces the light and instructs the patient to stare at a far object say the wall. Here asymmetry is sort using an opthalmoscope. If an abnormality is present then the pupils will vary in the red reflex of theinstrument.
Fig. 4 Pupillary examination
Reflexes tested during pupillary
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They are usually used as pain relievers but unregulated use can cause addiction. Abusers prefer it since it modifies consciousness and awareness. Overdose of opioids such as oxycodone and morphine,lead to pupil constriction.
Benzodiazepines- These are also known as benzos and are also psychoactives. Other problems associated with them include: panic attacks, seizures, anxiety and insomnia.
Infections
Both viral and bacterial infections could lead to the pupil becoming pinpoint size. An infection of the eye such as uvetiscauses harm to the centre of the eye which can become inflamed causing adhesions of the iris and the lens. The eye tissues clump together restricting expansion and contraction of the pupil.
Other infections may not be directly on the eye but can directly affect the pupil size. Neurosyphilis is one such disease that affects the spinal cord or the brain to the point of affecting sensory organs of the eye.
Problems of the brain
Brain complications such as pontine infarction and hemorrhaging lead to injuries of the brain causing stroke, illness and brain damage. When the front part of the brain is affected both pupils become small but when other areas of the brain are affected one pupil dilates as the other
There are three parts to the eye exam, the visual acuity exam. This test uses an eye chart to measure how good you can see an object details or the shape of an object at a far distance. 20/20 is the perfect visual acuity and if you 're legally blind than its worse than or equal to 20/200 in both eyes. The second exam is called the slit lamp exam which is a type of microscope that is used to examine the front part of the eye,, that includes the eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, iris, anterior chamber, the lens, and part of the retina and optic nerve. The third exam is called dilated exam. Dilated exam is when drops are placed in the eyes to widen or dilate the pupil to enable your eye M.D. to examine the retina and optic nerve for signs of damage (“Diabetic Retinopathy
Glaucoma is a disease of the eye and it is fluid pressure within the eye rises and if the eye is left untreated the patient might lose vision or maybe even blind. But this disease is generally affects both eyes but although one of their eyes may have more severe signs or symptoms then the other eye. When you have glaucoma there are small spaces in the front of the eye and they are called anterior chamber. There is clear liquid that flows in and out of the anterior chamber and the fluid nourishes and bathes nearby the tissues. And if the patient has glaucoma the fluid dose not drain like it should drain but the fluid drains out of the eye. And this may lead to fluid build up and pressure inside the rises of the eye. Unless the pressure is brought down and controlled and the optic nerves and some of the other parts of the eye might become damaged leading to ...
Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness, is estimated to affect 1 of every 50 adults. Although glaucoma can occur at any age, the risk of developing the disease increases dramatically after the age of 35. Glaucoma is also more likely to develop in patients who are severely nearsighted, have a family history of the condition, diabetics and Black or African American. This disease often goes unnoticed until permanent vision loss has occurred. Visual damage from glaucoma can be prevented by early diagnosis and careful treatment. Glaucoma is related to elevated fluid pressure of the eye which is causing loss of side vision. It is a series of diseases which damage the optic nerve. Damage to the optic nerve and retina causes blind spots in the field of vision. When the entire nerve is destroyed, blindness will occur. Glaucoma is usually caused by an increase in the fluid pressure in the eye. The front part of the eye contains a clear, nourishing fluid called aqueous which constantly circulates through the eye. Normally, this fluid leaves the eye through a drainage system and returns to the blood stream. Glaucoma occurs from an overproduction of fluid or when the drainage system becomes blocked, causing fluid pressure to increase. The high pressure causes damage to the optic nerve, resulting in permanent vision loss. The exact reason the fluid system in the eye stops functioning properly is not completely understood
Opioids are used as pain relievers and although it does the job, there are adverse side effects. Opioids are frequently used in the medical field, allowing doctors to overprescribe their patients. The substance can be very addicting to the dosage being prescribed to the patient. Doctors are commonly prescribing opioids for patients who have mild, moderate, and severe pain. As the pain becomes more severe for the patient, the doctor is more likely to increase the dosage. The increasing dosages of the narcotics become highly addicting. Opioids should not be prescribed as pain killers, due to their highly addictive chemical composition, the detrimental effects on opioid dependent patients, the body, and on future adolescents. Frequently doctors have become carless which causes an upsurge of opioids being overprescribed.
Opiates are a class of drugs that are used for chronic pain. Opioids are substances that are used to relieve pain by binding opiate receptors throughout the body, and in the brain. These areas in the brain control pain and also emotions, producing a feeling of excitement or happiness. As the brain gets used to these feelings, and the body builds a tolerance to the opioids, there is a need for more opioids and then the possibility of addiction. There are different forms of opioids manufactured such as Morphine, Oxycodone, Buprenorphine, Hydrocodone, and Methadone.
A normal eyeball placement is usually held in place and can move from side to side and top to bottom with the help of small muscles directly attached to the eyeball. On the contrary, strabismus
The human eye is an organ that allows a person to see, the sense of sight. The eye is composed of several parts including the cornea, lens, pupil, retina, optic nerve etc. There are two portions the eye is broken into, the front third is the anterior segment and the other two thirds is the posterior segment. The anterior segment includes the lens, cornea, iris, and ciliary body. The posterior segment of the eye essentially is the back portion of the eye. In detail, the posterior segment is the portion of the eye behind the lens that includes the retina, macula, optic nerve, choroid, and vitreous humor. There are many diseases that affect the eye and those in particular affecting the posterior segment will be discussed in detail.
Glaucoma results from increasing intraocular pressure, pressure inside the eye, which can lead to irreparable damage to the retina and the optic nerve, which connects the retina with the back of the brain. Intraocular pressure is determined by the balance between the rate of the aqueous humor production (found between the cornea and the lens) and its resistance to outflow at the angle of the anterior chamber. In most cases, increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow causes elevated intraocular pressure. Lowering intraocular pressure constrains or slows the progress of glaucoma.
Most of the eye is filled with a clear gel called the vitreous. Light projects through the pupil and the lens to the back of the eye. The inside lining of the eye is covered by special light-sensing cells that are collectively called the retina. The retina converts light into electrical impulses. Behind the eye, the optic nerve carries these impulses to the brain. The macula is a small extra-sensitive area within the retina that gives central vision. It is located in the center of the retina and contains the fovea, a small depression or pit at the center of the macula that gives the clearest vision. The blind spot is at the exit point of the optic nerve, at this point there are no rods or cones, and so all the light directed here are of no use. Eye color is created by the amount and type of pigment in the iris. Multiple genes inherited from each parent determine a person’s eye color. Though the eye is such a wonderful organ, it is also prone to diseases, infections, and other problems that could be minor or major, and could lead to blindness or poor
Many signs include a "white pupil," also known as leukocoria. Retinoblastoma can occur in either one or two eyes (Paul T. Finger, Pg. 1). This abnormal white pupillary reflex is sometimes referred to as a cat's eye reflex. Another sign of retinoblastoma is a crossed eye (Ambramson, Ch3). Leukocoria doesn't always end up as being retinoblastoma, it can even result in: congenital cataract, Toxocara canis, Coat's disease, and persistent hypertrophic primary vitreous (PHPV) (Finger, Pg.2). Retinoblastoma occurs when there's a mutation or deletion of the q14 band of chromosome 13 (Finger, Pg. 1). Symptoms can be painful if not treated quickly. Some include a red, painful eye, swelling of the surrounding eye, poor vision, dilated pupil, even extra fingers or toes, and retardation (Ambramson, Ch3).
This is a representation of the eye's lens system. This eye has no eye condition, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, and the lens is drawn in its relaxed position. The light rays are focused appropriately on the retina. The thickness of the cornea is 0.449 mm, the distance from the cornea to the lens is 2.
the cornea and the sclera. The cornea is what covers the iris, and is the
Eye Issues: Guinea pigs sometimes develop eye problems as a result of another condition, such as a respiratory infection, diabetes, teeth problems or dehydration. Eye issues caused by these problems can include signs like crusty or watery discharge, protruding or receding eyes, or cloudy eyes. Guinea pigs can develop cataracts from underlying issues such as diabetes or old age. They can also develop corneal ulcers from injury to the eye. The eye may appear swollen and watery in these cases. The eye can also appear cloudy in these situations. To prevent eye problems keep your guinea pigs cage clean and free of objects that may harm your guinea pig.
This reflected light passes through the lens and falls on to the retina of the eye. Here, the light induces nerve impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain, where it makes an image of the object, and then that image is passed on to muscles and glands.The eye is well protected. It lies within a bony socket of the skull. The eyelids guard it in front. They blink an average of once every six seconds. This washes the eye with the salty secretion from the tear, or lachrymal, glands.