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Theories on credit risk management
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Credit risk is an aspect where the bank borrower may fail to fulfill its obligations in regards to the underline terms. In most banks loans are the most and largest sources of risks. Therefore banks have to draw some measures to reduce the coverage of credit risks. Banks ought to have great awareness in need to control, identify, measure and monitor credit risk and also make sure that they have enough capital in relations to these risks and they sufficiently cater for the risk incurred.
The banking management should put in place practices that help in controlling credit risk. The risk plans of the bank must provide continuity. The strategy should be assessed often and amended and be viable during the various economic cycles and long- run of
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When performing cash repurchasing it alters the firm’s assets composition, its mix of finance, revision of ownership fractions of every shareholder and distribution of cash by shareholders using different tax transaction. This also signifies the information concerning the value of the company to investors. Jackson Company stock repurchasing shows results that potentially poses implications for many issues when financing the corporate. This ranges from evaluating differences in a company’s cash taxability distribution, changing the company’s investment results or the decisions of financing, ways of disseminating data to investors and the variance among the owners of other security ranks and company stockholders. Jackson Company repurchasing poses different impacts in the industry market (Ojo, 2012). Most of its tax savings are created from giving out cash using share repurchases in line with paying dividends. In analyzing the above argument, when getting total hard cash in a fixed payout, company taxes are minimized leading to the increase of share value when repurchasing supply are surrogated for the distribution of dividend. This implication emerges where the cost of the stock in the Jackson Company increases due to the unexpected announcement of imminent share …show more content…
Agency costs theory states out those dividends alleviate funds under the administration control thus reducing the chances of managers to use the cash in their individual interest. Dividends can also refrain managers’ tendency in case of over investing. The Jackson company dividends payout serves to decrease the disagreement between the shareholders and the managers over conflict of interest. The dividends payout for Jackson firm poises as a device to inform the investors about the future prospects of the company. The investors can use the information in the determination of the company’s share price. The Jackson company decide to give a high dividends of $400 in the year 2013 bearing in mind that dividends enhances the value of the firm. The bank should not agree with the payout since this affect the cash flow. In return it will have adverse effect on the repayment of the loan that the company took from the bank. This can also leads to liquidation that can greatly affect the bank and other investors. The appropriate dividends payout for Jackson Company could be $200 that will not adversely affect the cash flow the
UST Inc. is a dominant player in the smokeless tobacco industry. We have been tasked with weighing the cost and benefits of having leverage in their capital structure and to advise the CEO whether or not to go ahead with the recapitalization. After solving for UST’s credit ratings and value given three different stock buyback scenarios, $700 million, $1 billion, and $1.5 billion, we would suggest that UST move forward with the recap at $1 billion.
Thirdly, serial borrowing and repurchase throughout several years is considered. This is essentially the financial policy the company has adopted these years. This policy is less risky measured by coverage ratios and is more acceptable to stockholders. However, UST has imminent challenges and value enhancing objectives to meet. If the company has debt capacity untapped upon, large sum repurchases avoid excessive advisory fee, negotiation time and effort, potentially credit rating charge while immediate significant tax shield benefit is made possible.
Berk, J., & DeMarzo, P. (2011). Corporate finance: The core, second edition. (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.
In order to analyze Ally, I will be evaluating its balance sheet and performance ratios over the period from June 2006 to June 2013. This will show the progression of the bank throughout the 2008-2009 financial crisis. I will compare Ally’s financial data to the whole US banking industry as a way to analyze the banks risk and performance over that period. Factors such as profitability, credit risk, capital adequacy, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, market risk, ad off balance sheet exposures will all be evaluated.
Globally, banks have been facing big challenges in the last few years and continue to do so. As a result of the financial crisis, the regulators have tightened the minimum capital requirements with the aims to create a more solid and shock-resistant banking system especially for the so called Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs). The Financial Stability Board is expecting to raise the total loss-absorbing capacity
Obviously, financial establishments can endure breathtaking misfortunes notwithstanding when their risk management is top notch. They are, all things considered, in the matter of going out on a limb. At the point when risk management fails, be that as it may, it is in one of the many fundamental ways, almost every one of them exemplified in the present emergency. In some cases, the issue lies with the information or measures that risk directors depend on. At times it identifies with how they recognize and impart the risks an organization is presented to. Financial risk management is difficult to get right in the best of times.
In mid September 2005, Ashley Swenson, the chief financial officer of this large CAD/CAM equipment manufacturer must decide whether to pay out dividends to the firm¡¦s shareholders or repurchase stock. If Swenson chooses to pay out dividends, she must also decide on the magnitude of the payout. A subsidiary question is whether the firm should embark on a campaign of corporate-image advertising and change its corporate name to reflect its new outlook. The case serves a review of the many practical aspects of the dividend and share buyback decisions, including(1) signaling effects, (2) clientele effects, and (3) finance and investment implications of increasing dividend payout and share repurchase decisions.
The dividend policy of a firm will not affect the present value of its shares and shareholder’s wealth. A firm’s value depends on the profitability of its assets and its investment projects, but not how it is “packaged for distribution” (Miller and Modigliani, 1961: 414). Moreover, they indicated that investors would make homemade dividends by offsetting the amount they paid for the stock and reducing the effects of dividend policy. In addition, investors were rational who would choose to invest in plentiful pay-outs with their tax-preferences, which represented the “clientele effect” (Miller and Modigliani, 1961: 432).... ...
Banking supervision regards two major points which are safety and soundness. This has to do with consumer protection laws, safety and soundness of a bank often gets measured by an examiner. The examiner has to perform an examination review on banks performances which is based off the banks management, financial condition, and its commands with regulations. This helps protect consumer’s rights towards consumer’s protection laws, also helps ensure consumers they are safe with their banks.
Brealey, Richard A., Marcus, Alan J., Myers, Stewart C. 1999, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Craig S. Beytien, USA.
... work the banks and other financial institutions would also be required to have a system of reporting. If these reports consist of all the necessary information to predict a future crisis or imprudent behaviour in the banks then procedure can be put in place to guide the banks into the appropriate approach.
Access to capital and credit at various stages in the business life cycle is identified as the major hurdle by the entrepreneurs. For many small firms and most start-ups, the personal funds of the business owners and entrepreneur and those of relatives and acquaintances constitute as the major source of capital. For many small businesses, especially during the early years of their operation, credit is simply not available. For many others, the limited available credit is not through bank loans. Due to this many of them rely on multiple credit card balances and home equity loans as major sources of credit for start-up firm. Because banks are bound by laws and regulations to prudent lending standards that require them a risk management assessment for each loan made. These regulations were made more vigor during the late 1980'' and early 1990 . Banks always found that lending to manufacturing firm with hard asset such as property, equipment, and inventory has always been easier than lending to today's expanding service sector firms. Because the service sector firms own few hard asses, therefor lending judgment have to be based in terms of character, markets, and cashflow, which make it difficult to the bank to meet the regulations for the approval of the loan. Additional, the banking industry, as well as the entire financial sector of the
While banking and financial institutions have play an important role in contributing the economic growth by collecting and allocating the resources to those who in need of finance, it also can bring the financial chaos to the economy as well. Since this industry is a sentitive and fragile one, the banking superivision is required to monitor on the banking system aiming to identify and measure risks in order to protect not only the financial institutions but also the customers from the contagious risk that would happen without any alert. Moreover, banking supervision is established in order to protect depositors against avoidable losses, thereby contributing to confidence in the financial system and the
A variety of groups are concerned in bank profitability for various reasons. The bank shareholders would want to know if the value of their investments is high or low. The investors also use current and past performance to predict future price of the banks’ shares traded on the stock exchanged. The management of the bank as trustee of the shareholders is evaluated and compensated on the basis of how well their decisions and planning have contributed to growth in assets and profits of their banks. Employees of bank also are concerned with profits, since their salaries and promotions are frequently tied to the profitability performance of their banks. Depositors use bank performance and profitability as indicators of security for their deposits in the banks. Finally, business community and general public are concerned about their banks’ performance to the extent that their economic prosperity is linked to the success or failure of their banks.
Credit risk involves the possibility of borrowers, bond issuers or other counter-parties defaulting in transactions. In class we learned about various ways to estimate default probabilities, including historical data, CDS spreads, bond prices or asset swaps or Merton’s model.