Introduction
Predation is the biggest challenge for survival for many organisms. Survival requires the consumption of resources, such as other organisms, separating living organisms into two categories: predator and prey. According to Ruxton (2008), organisms use the ability to camouflage to make themselves seem invisible or difficult to see to their prey (Ruxton 2008). Types of camouflage vary from changes in the color of the body, to using material to blend in with the environment, or even making modifications to the body (Stevens and Merilaita 2009). The variations in the types of camouflage can slow down predation (Stevens and Merilaita 2009). Not only is camouflage useful in nature, but also in war for military use. Camouflage is used in war to avoid enemy attacks that can cause harm to
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soldiers. Protection is the key to survival and studying camouflage will help us not only understand how certain animals are able to defend themselves, but also how it will benefit our military during war. As a necessary preparation, we must consider the importance of studying and testing the effects of camouflage on the predation rate. Mills et al (2012) did a study to understand the camouflage strategies of seasonal coat colors for wild snow hares, the animal of interest at Morrell Creek in the temperate boreal coniferous forest of the Northern Rockies. In the spring, the coat of the hares turned white to brown allowing the hares to camouflage. However, in the fall, the hares’ coat changed from brown to white resulting in a problem, known as mismatching. When the hares’ coat turns white, it is used to blend in with the snow to avoid predators, but there was no snow present at the time of the fall study. As a result, Mills et al (2012) estimated that the decreased snow duration will cause an increase in the mismatching of hares when snow is absent with change in the phenotype of coat color (Mills et al 2012). The snow hare study only focused on the effects of climate on camouflage, but does not explain the full effect of camouflage on the predation rate of the snow hare population. However, the snow hare study suggested that mismatching can influence the predation rate due to the absence of camouflage in the fall, which caused a decrease in the hare population. Furthermore, the snow hare study gave insight to why our camouflage simulation was important because of the snow hare population decrease in the fall due to camouflage failure. Our camouflage simulation focused strictly on how camouflage affected the predation rate. With the results of our camouflage simulation, we can develop ways to improve the use of camouflage in war to avoid mismatching observed in the snow hare population. The objective of the camouflage simulation was used to determine the effects of camouflage on the predation rate. This will be accomplished by a controlled laboratory experiment using a simulation focused on non-camouflage prey and camouflage prey. It is hypothesized that the non-camouflage prey will be easily spotted by the predator compared to the camouflage prey. If my hypothesis is true, then I predict that the population of camouflage prey will increase causing a decrease in the predation rate. Methods Under controlled conditions, the camouflage simulation was conducted with specific instructions and equipment.
Fifty black eyed peas were obtained from a controlled laboratory environment within the Cooper Ecology Lab located within the Ball State University campus. The navy beans represented the environment and the black eyed peas represented the organisms in the environment. Twenty-five of the black eyed peas were painted black which represented the non-camouflage prey and the other twenty-five black eyed peas represented the camouflage prey because they blend with the navy …show more content…
beans. In one container, twenty-five black-eyed peas were mixed into 400 ml of navy beans. In a second container, twenty-five black-eyed peas painted black were mixed into 400 ml of navy beans. A classroom of twenty-two students, between the ages of 17 and 50, served as predators. In this simulation, the students were timed until twenty peas were collected, representing one feeding period, from one container. During the experiment, one student served as the predator, while the other student served as the timer. Two trials were performed for the feeding period for the camouflage prey and two trials were for the feeding period for the non- camouflage prey. All recorded times were converted into seconds. The data collected from each trial was used to calculate the predation rates per unit time. This conversion of data involved multiplying the number of prey caught for each feeding period by sixty seconds, and then dividing by the recorded time for each trial (number of seconds to “eat” 20 prey). Using the calculated predation rates, a t-sample test, statistical analysis, was used to compare the mean and median predation rates between camouflage and non-camouflage prey. Also, the statistical analysis was conducted to determine the p-value, the probability that determines the effect of random variation on the observed difference. Equation for Solving the Predation Rate: Predation Rate = (20 x 60)/ T or 1200/T T= # of seconds to “eat” 20 prey Results Camouflage significantly reduced the predation rate (p=0.003, Figure1).
The mean predation rate for camouflage prey (11.45± 7.21) was 8.6 prey/ min slower than non-camouflage prey (20.13± 10.40) (Table 1). The mean camouflage content of the camouflage-covered prey was 8.68 ± 5.47 prey/min less than for prey not able to camouflage. The median predation rate for camouflage prey (9.83 prey/min) was lower than for non-camouflage prey (18.47 prey/min) (Figure
1). Figure 1. Statistical analysis results comparing prey in two, common environments each for camouflaged and non-camouflaged groups created within a controlled, ecology lab in Ball State University. Results show a significant difference in the predation rate between groups (p < 0.05), as determined by a two-sample t-test, due to wide random variation. Table 1. Two-sample t-test results comparing predation rates for prey distinguished as camouflage or non-camouflage located within an Ecology Lab on Ball State’s University Campus, Indiana, during one full class day in August 2015. Predation Rate (prey/min) Type of prey n P-value Mean Median StDev Camouflage 22 0.003 11.45 9.83 7.21 Non-Camo. 22 0.003 20.13 18.47 10.40
Call of duty black ops 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision, the game was first released in November of 2012 and is a sequel to the 2010 game call of duty black ops. Black ops 2 was the first call of duty to bring the franchise into future warfare and first to offer player choice with branching storylines.
Warwick, Hugh. “Agent Orange: The Poisoning of Vietnam.” The Ecologist v28 no. 5. 1998: 264-265.
This report is on a virtual experiment based on the real-life experiment accomplished by John Endler and David Reznick of the University of California. The goal is attempting to determine whether or not the level of predation effect’s the color patterns of guppies.
Approximately, there is about 450 different noh masks. Most we see in majority of plays are variations of only sixty. Due to such a variety, it makes it difficult for scholars, let alone the audience to make decipher each classification. Hannya is a famous example of the masks changing for one character. This story is where an elderly woman transforms into a snake demon. However, if one is not looking closely or having prior knowledge, the snake demon mask can be mistaken easily for most other demon masks worn by female characters. Most scholars and performers categorize masks into five general categories.
Tricked Tricked is a documentary over modern day slavery, which entails 20.9 million people being victims of human trafficking. Tricked paints a portrait of the seediness, degradation, and dehumanizing world of sex trafficking. This documentary takes a viewer on an emotional ride into a darker side of humanity. Albeit the show only skims the surface, from the exploited victims, to the pimps who control them, the johns that supply the money, and the police force who are trying to abolish it, it is a harrowing reality check for most viewers.
Guppies that are more colorful are less likely to survive in environments with intense predation because they are easier to spot.
confusum have divergent behavior patterns. During an experiment between competition over limiting food resources (flour), T. casteum exhibited more aggression by eating their own larvae (Ho and Dawson 1966). Another experiment had similar results; after ten hours, 88% of T. confusum males and 33% females remained, and 2% of T. castaneum adults survived (Ghant 1966). The low population of T. castaneum is due to their cannibalistic nature. The purpose of conducting this experiment with the variable of different species is to determine whether or not there is more intraspecific competition in T. castaneum. In order to accomplish this, both populations of the Tribolium species will be measured over
This minimizes amount of material needed to catch prey - a balance of energy expenditure and success rate
It was found that foraging and location seperatly didn’t affect duration of feeding (Two-way ANOVA, F = 2.0028, DF = 1, 122, p-value>0.01394)( Two-way ANOVA, F = 1.8306, DF = 1, 122, p-value>0.1786). The interaction between location and foraging behaviour does have an effect on duration of feeding, these findings support the hypothesis (Two-way ANOVA, F = 32.23, DF = 2, 122, p-value<0.0261). As seen in Figure 1 & 2 for Al the significant results come from an increased mean of water foraging. For RR the significances comes from difference from water as seen in both Figures. Looking at Figure 2 you see that there is a substainal difference between land and human, showing that human directed feeding behaviour is the dominant feeding
The Hunting Ground, directed by Kirby Dick, has expressed many college students who have been raped on college campus face retaliation and harassment as they fight for justice. On college campuses across the nation, more and more victims are stepping forward towards the authorities reporting their incident of sexual assault. Still, only a few assaults are reported leaving the offender to roam freely and attack their next victims. We also see very few cases investigated properly and most on the less end perpetuators actually even getting convicted. The perpetrators frequently use alcohol and drugs to get women in a different state as a means to coerce them into having sex, and some simply uses force on them. The
The sessile consumers are those that are stationary and feed off small plankton creating competition for their food source allowing some sessile consumers to become more dominant compared to others. Mussels are the most dominant of sessile consumers with the Starfish and Green Crab as its predators. Goose Neck Barnacles are of the middle dominance with Whelk, Green Crab, and Starfish as its predators. The least most dominant sessile consumer are Acorn Barnacles whose predators are Whelk and Green Crab. As far as the mobile consumers go, Starfish prey on Mussels, Goose Neck Barnacles, and Chiton; Whelk prey on Acorn Barnacles and Goose Neck Barnacles, and has Green Crab as its predator; and Chiton prey on Nori Seaweed, Black Pine, and Coral Weed. Lastly, there is one more mobile consumer known as the Green Crab invading the environment. The Green Crab has been brought over from Europe and can gain competitive advantage over all other species in this environment (workbook). It invades the area and is a predator to all sessile consumers and the Whelk. It will eventually take over the environment without
Natural selection is the name given to the development of species where they adapt their environment increasing the chances of survival and therefore allowing them to further produce offspring. As a part of evolution animals have the ability to alter their colour to better suit them to their environment. The stick insects placed in the environment were contrasting colours of the environments except for the brown stick insects who camouflaged in all habitats. An example of this is the Peppered Moth. The Peppered Moth are normally a grey colour with black speckles, but a genetic mutation can cause them to have black wings. The white moths found it easy to camouflage with the trees before the industrial revolution compared to the black moths, and therefore the black moths suffered from predation. During the industrial revolution, the air became polluted meaning that the darker coloured moths were harder to see. The black moths therefore had the favourable genes, allowing them to reproduce and increase in population. Therefore, this is a prime example of Natural
The narrator is a young, African American man from the South with great public speaking skills. He is chosen to read a speech for the important white town leaders. The leaders first force him to participate in a humiliating “battle royale” against other African American boys. After, the narrator reads his speech and is rewarded with a briefcase and a scholarship to college. At college, he is chosen is drive around Mr Norton, one of the old, wealthy, white trustees of the school. Mr. Norton falls ill after visiting Jim Trueblood, a poor African American man who impregnated his own daughter. They visit a bar to get Mr. Norton a drink, but then a fight breaks out. As a result of the whole fiasco with Mr. Norton, Dr. Bledsoe, the head of the school, kicks the narrator out and sends him to New York City with recommendation letters to help him find a job. In New York, it is revealed that the recommendation letters
A war crime is an unjust act of violence in which a military personnel violates the laws and acceptable behaviors of a war. Despite all the violence in a war, a soldier shooting another is not considered a war crime because it is not a violation to the laws and practices of a war, and it is considered just. A war crime is defined as a “violations [violation] of the laws and customs of war” (“War Crimes”), and are attacks “against civilian populations, prisoners of war, or in some cases enemy soldiers in the field” (Friedman). War crimes are typically committed with weapons or by uncommon, cruel, devastating military methods and are “…Committed primarily by military personnel” (Friedman). There are many different types of war crimes one can commit, including “murder, ill treatment…murder or ill treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages or devastation not justified by military necessity” (Friedman). Originally constructed as international law by the London Charter on August 8th, 1945 and further developed by the Hague Conventions of 1899, 1907 and the Nuremberg trials, war crimes are aggressive, unacceptable and unjust actions performed by military workforce that occur during a war.
Mimicry involves deception and imitation; words that perhaps, should not be used in the fish world. However, mimicry is a common act among fish species and involves the ability of a species to evolve so as to look like another species with the aim of increasing its chances at survival. In the fish world, it is typical to see fishes burrowed in the soil or take up a coloration that makes it difficult to distinguish between the fish and its immediate surroundings. It is also considerably easy to see a fish take on the form of another fish species. Considering how widespread mimicry is among fish species, a common question often posed is whether the resemblance of a species to another species, has any detectable effect on the survival of either species involved.