Per the hypothesis, most of the results in the lab are in accordance with the expected results. It was expected that the subjects drinking caffeine, diet caffeine free soda, and 16 ml/Kg of water would have a higher rate of production than the control group drinking 7.5 ml/Kg of water due to less water being reabsorbed. Results showed an increase in rate of production, most notably in subjects drinking diet caffeine free soda but seemed to decrease towards the end. For the rest of the subjects, the data shows a gradual rise over time with every subject (besides caffeine free) having a higher rate of production than the control group. The subjects drinking caffeine free soda were the only ones to record a lower rate of production than the control group. This could be due to an increase in glucose reabsorption causing water to follow back into the blood stream. The lack of caffeine does not hinder ADH secretion, which will cause an increased permeability to water in the collecting …show more content…
ducts. Urine is naturally slightly acidic around 6.0 (varies between 4.5-8.0) due to it disposing of hydrogen ions during urination. Kidneys will regulate pH by the amount of sodium reabsorbed. If sodium reabsorption is increased, pH of urine will become more acidic. It was expected that pH would gradually increase over the time period for subject’s drinking water due to urine becoming more diluted, and remain steady or decrease slightly for those drinking Gatorade, or soda. The data supports this hypothesis for the most part, as each subject’s pH did stay steady over time besides the subjects drinking caffeine-free soda with a steady pH over the course of 90 minutes. Subjects who drank water “when thirsty” ended up being the only group with a more basic value. In the case of the other subjects, there was a slight decrease in pH at the first 30 minutes meaning that they began to have a higher rate of acid excretion in urine compared to those drinking 7.5 ml/Kg of water. As more acid was excreted, the urine became slightly more basic over the last hour. Specific gravity is the ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute urine.
Its value is usually around the 1.00. Thus, as urine becomes more concentrated, specific gravity will become higher. Specific gravity was expected to gradually decrease as urine becomes diluted and less water is reabsorbed. The value was not expected to change much, staying somewhere around the value of 1.00 for each subject. The results were in accordance with the hypothesis as all subjects specific gravity had slightly decreased over the 90-minute time period, staying within close proximity of 1.00. The subjects with the greatest change were the ones drinking 16 ml/Kg of water as urine seemed to be diluted most in this group. The graph shows that specific gravity of subjects drinking caffeine free soda had an initial increase then decreases at the end. Each group drinking varying amounts of water had the lowest average of specific gravity showing that dilution of urine can affect the value of specific
gravity. The multistix showed positive readings for ketones, proteins, uribilinogen, and leukocytes. Three positive readings for ketones were recorded. Ketones can result in increased production from glucose deprivation or starvation causing them to show up as waste in urine. There were five positive readings for protein from the multistix. Low levels of protein in urine are normal, but increased amounts of protein can be indicative of diabetes or kidney damage. Two positive readings for uribilinogen were accounted for, which is also a normal thing to see. Uribilinogen in urine has been seen as signs of patients suffering from hepatitis and cirrhosis. The only other positive reading we received, and the most notable one, was leukocytes. We received seven positive readings which was higher than average. Causes of white blood cells (leukocytes) in urine are seen in things like kidney infections, pregnancy, and obstructions of the urinary tract. We observed the effects of caffeine, soda, glucose, and artificial sweetener. As expected, caffeine would inhibit the effects of ADH causing less water to get reabsorbed into the blood stream. Glucose is reabsorbed regularly, thus water will follow causing a greater plasma osmolarity. Soda, which contains both caffeine and glucose, actually has inverse effects. Therefore, as expected subjects drinking soda (caffeine and glucose) both did not fluctuate much, most likely in relation to the opposing directions that water was being pulled. Likewise, diet caffeine free soda has artificial sweeteners, which are not absorbed. This will cause water to be pulled out into the urine. It will still increase mean arterial pressure because it is soda decreasing water reabsorption. Data supported this theory as those drinking the diet caffeine free soda shared the combined effects of soda and artificial sweeteners drawing water out. Clinically, the urinalysis can be indicative of major health conditions such as kidney failure, or other conditions like diabetes or inflammation of the kidney as mentioned before. Polyuria (greater amount of urination) or urinating less than usual can both be a sign of renal failure. Kidney failure happens when the kidney(s) is no longer able to filter materials into or out your blood correctly causing levels of waste to build up in the blood or urine. This build up can lead to chronic illness if not treated appropriately. In the case of kidney failure, they usually need to be replaced. A patient two healthy kidneys is considered to be at 100% renal function, thus a person with kidney failure in one kidney would be considered to be at 50% renal function. It is actually quite common for someone to live with only one kidney after losing a kidney to disease or injury. Medically, acidic and basic urine can be the sign of different conditions. Acidic urine can be definitive of someone who has diabetes, is dehydrated or starved, has diarrhea, or has a respiratory disease preventing the waste of carbon dioxide. Basic urine is seen in people with respiratory conditions causing hyperventilation, those with renal failure, or urinary tract obstructions. A low specific gravity in urine can come from those with diabetes insipidus, or with renal failure. Low specific gravity can also be seen in those with glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney); condition of a decreased specific gravity due to the inhibition on the kidneys ability to reabsorb water, causing urine to become diluted. A high urine specific gravity (over about 1.035) can mean that the urine contains much more glucose than usual indicating diabetes. An odd fruity smell of urine can also be a sign of diabetes as the smell is a result of the bodies inability to absorb glucose. Research in this field of study is still very much alive. Most clinics and hospitals have continued to stay with the “old school” technique of using the dipstick like we used in class to conduct a urinalysis rather than using microscopy examinations because the dipstick is better for work efficiency. A study showed that out of 709 cases examined via microscopy, 1 in 4 were misdiagnosed or overlooked for a pathological condition. The advancement of microscopic examination could be more work efficient and provide faster turnaround times, but the tests integrity is still a difficult matter to deal with. Approximately 13% of Americans are suffering with chronic kidney disease, and is only expected to rise with the growing numbers of Americans with diabetes and hypertension. (Thomas, Kanso & Sedor, 2001) The issues surrounding our kidneys and how we are taking care of them are becoming more of a problem yearly. Urinalysis is an important asset to our medical world, and will continue to help future researchers in detecting and treating various renal diseases, metabolic disorders, and helping patients learn how to live a life healthy for our kidneys. Possible sources of error could have begun with the subjects themselves. These results are all under the belief that each subject fasted from sugar and caffeine for two hours prior to the lab. I know from talking to other students that some of them did not fast prior to class, thus causing ambiguities to the data from the start. Other considerations to keep in mind are the health of each student, and whether they were hydrated properly or not. This can affect the rate of production, as well as the specific gravity of the data. If a subject had an early morning workout where they sweat a lot, it could have caused a greater concentration of waste in the urine as well. Variables such as gender, height, and weight could also play roles in the reaction to these stimuli. Correcting these errors could be to choose healthy, hydrated subjects, and closely monitor them prior to lab to ensure they fast properly. Then try and choose subjects closest in body composition and record their gender, height, and weight to use as a reference later during examination of data. I feel this is a very informative lab. It taught me the importance of an urinalysis and abnormalities of urinalysis while understanding the physiology of how my kidneys filter whatever I consume.
Briefly describe an alternative technique that could be used to measure the amount of glucose within sports drinks. (5 points)
Vital to maintenance of homeostasis is the regulation of plasma osmolality. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, which works to regulate blood pressure, plays a crucial role in fluid balance. When dehydration occurs, blood osmolality increases, which stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), ultimately leading to increased water reabsorption. This leads to more concentrated urine, and less concentrated plasma. Low plasma osmolality works in the opposite fashion: ADH release is inhibited, water reabsorption decreases, and urine is less concentrated. The added electrolytes and carbohydrates in Gatorade would facilitate greater fluid retention through stimulation of renin and vasopressin, increasing urinary sodium reabsorption (3). Studies of both urine volume and plasma volume changes are eff...
The subject was then asked to perform the same steps as last week in addition to getting their blood lactate taken before activity begins and again at every increase in incline. These processes were performed the following week as well, but the test subject was given a concoction that contained 250 mg of caffeine. This study was a double blind study in which the instructors, nor the subjects knew when the test subject was given caffeine. By having a double blind study all biases for how the data should turn out were eliminated. In addition, the professors, the test subject, and the research group were unable to skew the data because they were unaware of when the subject got the
Random and systematic errors are both factors that can affect the reliability and accuracy of the results respectively. As all the graphs contained outliers, and hence, scatter, this indicates that random errors were present. Such errors may result from the inconsistent masses of the Alka Seltzer tablets. As these tablets were cut manually with a knife, it is unlikely that the mass of each half of an Alka Seltzer tablet would be the same. Thus, when using the tablets to react with HCl, the true number of tablets reacting would have not been the same as the number denoted for the trial, and with each repeated trial for the same number of tablets reacting, the reacting mass and ratio would have not been inconsistent. Consequently, the
Planaria are commonly known as flatworms. These flatworms have sensory organs which allow them to detect light using eyespots (Planaria,2017). The eyespots contain receptors that are highly sensitive to light stimuli causing planaria to prefer darkness. Planaria do not have lungs nor gills. Oxygen enters their bodies through membrane diffusion. Although planaria are just worms, their body react very similar to that of humans when injected with certain drugs or stimulants. One overused and highly popular stimulant is caffeine. Caffeine is known to increase individual’s energy and physical activity which makes them more alert of the surroundings. This observation leads to the question of how different concentrations of caffeine would affect planaria’s
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Caffeine is a very interesting chemical. Caffeine is found in many places including coffee plant, tea leaves, kola nuts and cocoa (1). Humans then process these plants into food stuff that contains caffeine such as tea, coffee and chocolate. Caffeine is composed of 14 atoms with a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2. It is one of the few central nervous system stimulants still legal in most countries (2). The chemical name for caffeine is 1-methyltheobromine (2).
9. Zaharieva, D. P., & Riddell, M. C. (2013). Caffeine and glucose homeostasis during rest and exercise in diabetes mellitus. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 38(8), 813-822.
Tarnopolsky, Mark. (1999) Gender Differences in Metabolism: Practical and nutritional implications; Caffeine. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 155-200
There are several causes to elderly dehydration, which can be broken down into four groups: physiological factors, psychological factors, functional impairments, and mechanical impairments. (Hamilton, 2001) The physiological factors are: natural 10% body fluid loss, diminish of taste making food less appetizing and adding salt for flavor, thirst diminishes, medications that are diuretics or laxatives, and draining wounds. (Hamilton 2001) The caffeine in coffee and soda, the theophylline in tea, and the throbromine in cocoa, all raise blood pressure along with increase production and elimination of urine. (Vasey, 2002) Alcohol, on the other hand, dries out the mucous membrane causing sclerosis. (Vasey, 2002) Diarrhea, vomiting, or febrile illness also contributes to elderly dehydration. (Moore, 2005) The psychological factors are: depression which contributes to loss of appetite, purposefully decrease fluid to reduce bathroom trips. (Hamilton, 2001) The functional impairments are: coma, paralysis and N.P.O (Nothing Per Orem) patients. (Hamilton, 2001) Elderly individuals with disabilities such as: visual, cognitive or motor impairment may need assists with water intake. (Kavanaugh, 2000) Tubal feeding may need additional water in the nutr...
...e that negated some or all of the impact of the caffeine. 5) Test method variation (for blood or urinary tests) was not a factor. No data was given indicating the reproducibility of the test methods used.
It was expected that the participants who ingested glucose and rested, to have their blood sugars elevate and slowly return to the normal range. Blood sugars will rise because the glucose isn’t being used, the glucose stays stored and makes blood glucose levels elevate.
§ This allows more water to be reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct into the region of high solute concentration in the medulla. § This produces a smaller volume of more concentrated urine. If the blood has a high water potential (less concentrated), it is detected and less ADH is secreted by the pituitary. This decrease in the amount of ADH in the bloodstream result in the following: § The distil convoluted tubule and the collecting duct becomes less permeable to water. § Less water is reabsorbed into the medulla.
Drinking Diet Coke leads to reduced calorie intake, which in turn, does not cause weight gain. The marketers of Coca Cola illustrate this in their most recent advertisement. Coca Cola 's "Regret Nothing" advertisement for Diet Coke presents a snapshot of two women who appear to be at a pool party. This is apparent because they are sitting on the side of a pool laughing as someone splashes them. The viewer can assume that the weather is warm and pleasant by the amount of skin that the girls ' dresses show and the fact that they are in a pool. It is evident that the two women are having a good time by their expressions. The marketing department of Coca Cola uses multiple visual aids to suggest that if an individual drinks Diet Coke, he or she
Sadowska, Joanna. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CONSUMING AN ENERGY DRINK ON THE CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE AND TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AND ON FATTY TISSUE DEPOSITION. A MODEL STUDY.." 11.3 (2012): 311-318. ebsco. Web. 11 Mar 2014.