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Effects of caffeine on memory investigation
Effects of caffeine on recall of words
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Caffeine Effects In The Brain
Caffeine acts in a multitude of ways in the brain. The
most recent studies explore the cooperative effects of
adenosine and dopamine, as well as the increase in calcium
in the interstitial fluid and possible accumulation of
cyclic adenosine monophospate. The most popular discussions
of earlier studies of caffeine demonstrate its antagonistic
effects on adenosine receptors. While it has been reported
that adenosine receptors are located throughout the brain,
the various subtypes can be found in very specific areas.
Studies have also shown that caffeine reactions in the brain
are based on the localization of adenosine receptors,
dopamine receptors, and the amount of caffeine.
Historically, the first behavior of caffeine in the
brain to be noticed was the stimulation of the release of
caffeine from intracellular storage sites. (Daly, 1999) In
research done by Garrett and Griffiths (1997) caffeine was
shown to mobilize intracellular calcium by reducing the
calcium uptake and stimulating calcium release. Caffeine
would attach to a calcium channel in this way activating it
and releasing calcium from the "calcium-sensitive"
pool.(Daly, 1999) Due to the importance of calcium
concentrations for the release of neurotransmitters, Garrett
determined, "…mobilization of intracellular calcium has been
proposed as a possible mechanism underlying the behavioral
effects of caffeine" (p.534). However, this determination
was made in vitro and required nearly toxic levels of
caffeine, levels that would rarely be ingested by humans.
(Garrett, 1997; Daly 1999) [See Table 1]
The next effect is the forcing of accumulation of
cyclic adenosine monophos...
... middle of paper ...
...ffects. Retreived March 2,
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http://www.pni.org/psychopharmacology/drugs_recreational/caffein
e/caffeine.html
Solinas, M., Ferre, S., Zhi-Bing, Y., Karcz-Kubicha, M., Popoli,
P., & Goldberg, S.R. (2002).
Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Releases in the
Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22.6321 – 6324.
Retrieved March 2, 2005. from PsychInfo database
Spiller, G. A.,(1998). Basic Metabolism and Physiological
Effects of the Methylxanthines. In G. Spiller (Ed.) Caffeine (pp. 225 –
232). Washington D.C. CRC Press.
Van Soeren, M. H.; Graham, T. E. (1998) Effect of Caffeine on
Metabolism, Exercise Endurance, and Catecholamine Responses
After Withdrawal. The
American Physiological Society. 1493 – 1501. Retrieved March 2,
2005. from Science Direct database
There are many examples of cities reforming itself over time, one significant example is Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. More than a hundred years after the discovery of gold that drew thousands of migrants to Vancouver, the city has changed a lot, and so does one of its oldest community: Downtown Eastside. Began as a small town for workers that migrants frequently, after these workers moved away with all the money they have made, Downtown Eastside faced many hardships and changes. As a city, Vancouver gave much support to improve the area’s living quality and economics, known as a process called gentrification. But is this process really benefiting everyone living in Downtown Eastside? The answer is no. Gentrification towards DTES(Downtown Eastside) did not benefit the all the inhabitants of the area. Reasons are the new rent price of the area is much higher than before the gentrification, new businesses are not community-minded, and the old culture and lifestyle of the DTES is getting erased by the new residents.
I talked with a teacher of mine at Chapman University by the name of Les Clements, PhD, to see how he felt about Proposition 13 and he had a lot to say. He felt that this was an idea whose time had come. He also felt that it was totally outrageous to cut programs like music, art and everything except the essentials. "What got me was that it so favored the landlords and the big business owners they got away with paying only one percent so it saved them a bunch while th...
“The Deeper Problems We Miss When We Attack ‘Gentrification’”exhibit their opinion on the positives of gentrification and the potential of “revitalization” in low-income urban communities. Badger argues that gentrification brings nothing more than further opportunities for urban communities while integrating citizens of different social classes.Furthermore , she continues to question if gentrification is in fact the monster that brings the prior expressions against gentrification where she says “If poor neighborhoods have historically suffered from dire disinvestment, how can the remedy to that evil — outside money finally flowing in — be the problem, too?”(Badger) Stating that the funds generated from sources external that are brought into these communities can’t be problematic. This concept is further elaborated in the article “Does Gentrification Harm the Poor” where Vigdoor list the potential positive enhancements gentrification can have on an urban area in America ,stating that gentrification can
9. Zaharieva, D. P., & Riddell, M. C. (2013). Caffeine and glucose homeostasis during rest and exercise in diabetes mellitus. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 38(8), 813-822.
California's education system is in dire need of reform, providing adequate funding to education has been a problem for decades. The “Golden Moment” in California took place in the mid twentieth century. During the governorship of Pat Brown, a Master Plan for higher education was adopted. This plan passed in 1960, it created a three tier system and aimed at providing universal access to higher education for all Californians. It was an innovative system that brought prestige to the state and helped manage the needs of the rapidly growing state population. The growth in population was fueled by the idea that California was the land of milk and honey but this influx caused property values to rise and consequently property taxes were hiked. California voters have the ability to use the initiative process to implement policy. While this is a unique aspect that allows Californians direct control in governance, it can make it difficult for the state government to provide enough funding. Among the legislation pushed by voters has been Proposition 13, it continues to have long lasting effects that impact tax revenue and budgetary decisions.
What happen to the caffeine when it is ingested, and what are its consequences? In addressing these questions, there have been many contributors spent much time to prove that caffeine has been shown to behave as an adenosine antagonist to stimulate motor activity, mood and behavior. This antagonist behavior is the basis for an increase in cholinergic and dopaminergic behavior after caffeine intake. Beside of that, the acute administration of caffeine has been reported by several laboratories to elevate brain level of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). This increase of serotonin may be associated with the improvement in good mood. Recent studies also show the higher caffeine intake to a lower suicide risk. In this paper, I will investigate the caffeine at a biochemical level and relate its effects on physiological behavior of human with information from the recent research.
Gentrification is described as the renovation of certain neighborhoods in order to accommodate to young workers and the middle-class. For an area to be considered gentrified, a neighborhood must meet a certain median home value and hold a percentage of adults earning Bachelor’s degree. Philadelphia’s gentrification rate is among the top in the nation; different neighborhoods have pushed for gentrification and have seen immense changes as a result. However, deciding on whether or not gentrification is a beneficial process can become complicated. Various groups of people believe that cities should implementing policy on advancing gentrification, and others believe that this process shouldn’t executed. Both sides are impacted by the decision to progress gentrification; it is unclear of the true implications of completely renovating impoverished urban areas; gentrification surely doesn’t solve all of a community’s issues. I personally believe that gentrification is not necessarily a good or bad process; gentrification should occur as a natural progression of innovative economies and novel lifestyles collide within certain areas. Policy involving gentrification should not support the removal of people out of their neighborhood for the sake of advancement.
Zhang, Yong. (1989) The Effects of Chronic Caffeine Ingestion on Peripheral Adenosine Receptors. New York.
Besides the accidental spillage affecting severe damage to the environment and then causing harm to humans, there are direct impacts on human health from oil. Problems suc...
Of the many problems affecting urban communities, both locally and abroad, there is one issue in particular, that has been victimizing the impoverished within urban communities for nearly a century; that would be the problem of gentrification. Gentrification is a word used to describe the process by which urban communities are coerced into adopting improvements respective to housing, businesses, and general presentation. Usually hidden behind less abrasive, or less stigmatized terms such as; “urban renewal” or “community revitalization” what the process of gentrification attempts to do, is remove all undesirable elements from a particular community or neighborhood, in favor of commercial and residential enhancements designed to improve both the function and aesthetic appeal of that particular community. The purpose of this paper is to make the reader aware about the significance of process of gentrification and its underlying impact over the community and the community participation.
Beginning in the 1960s, middle and upper class populations began moving out of the suburbs and back into urban areas. At first, this revitalization of urban areas was 'treated as a 'back to the city' movement of suburbanites, but recent research has shown it to be a much more complicated phenomenon' (Schwirian 96). This phenomenon was coined 'gentrification' by researcher Ruth Glass in 1964 to describe the residential movement of middle-class people into low-income areas of London (Zukin 131). More specifically, gentrification is the renovation of previously poor urban dwellings, typically into condominiums, aimed at upper and middle class professionals. Since the 1960s, gentrification has appeared in large cities such as Washington D.C., San Francisco, and New York. This trend among typically young, white, upper-middle class working professionals back into the city has caused much controversy (Schwirian 96). The arguments for and against gentrification will be examined in this paper.
Gentrification is the keystone for the progression of the basic standards of living in urban environments. A prerequisite for the advancement of urban areas is an improvement of housing, dining, and general social services. One of the most revered and illustrious examples of gentrification in an urban setting is New York City. New York City’s gentrification projects are seen as a model for gentrification for not only America, but also the rest of the world. Gentrification in an urban setting is much more complex and has deeper ramifications than seen at face value. With changes in housing, modifications to the quality of life in the surrounding area must be considered as well. Constant lifestyle changes in a community can push out life-time
Scrutiny of caffeine and its effects has increased dramatically in the last 20 years, due in part to an increase in consumption of caffeine. In fact, coffee consumption among young adults rose to 3.2 cups per day in 2008 from 2.4 cups per day in 2005 (Rokerya 1). For instance, in a one hour period, on Richland College’s on-campus Starbucks, the author took note of how many customers arrived and purchased a cup of coffee. Between 8:00 and 9:00 AM, there were 51 customers, implying that – especially at college - many people are dependent on coffee in the mornings. However, the results from these studies are inconclusive and often somewhat contradictory – many studies (such as that by Tetsuya Ohara et al.) show that caffeine is a great boon to
America lives and breathes off of a drug, a drug that the American people consume every day. This drug is found in your soda, your tea, and your coffee. The drug is caffeine. Caffeine has many properties that make it useful to all of us; it has many negative uses. Caffeine has many negative effects. It is addictive like Oxycodone; however, many people believe that the positive effects outweigh the negative. Caffeine helped shape this world and it has provided medical help to those that have a disorder. On the other hand, caffeine is what drives us in the Twenty-First Century and it changes our brain’s chemistry. How do we decide if caffeine is truly an unknown weapon of destruction for the better or worse?
Preview: The potential effects are related to the main ingredient in coffee – caffeine. Caffeine is a drug that stimulates the central nervous system that increases alertness and energy, but it is also very addictive.