There are two different staging systems that are used with breast cancer. The first, more conventional way, is expressed on a number scale of 0 to IV. The characteristics that determine where your breast cancer would fall include the size of the cancer or tumor, if the cancer has spread to the neighboring lymph nodes, whether the cancer is considered invasive or non-invasive and whether the cancer has spread to more parts of the body besides the breast. Correctly putting your cancer into the right stage is vital due to the difference in treatments with the stages. Starting with Stage 0, is for cancers that are non-invasive. “In stage 0, there is no evidence of cancer cells or non-cancerous abnormal cells breaking out of the part of the breast …show more content…
in which they started, or getting through to or invading neighboring normal tissue”("Stages of Breast Cancer"). Next is Stage I, which is broken down into IA and IB. The difference between 0 to 1, is that the cancer is now invasive. Stage IA construes the cancer as a “tumor [measuring] up to 2 centimeters”("Stages of Breast Cancer") and “the cancer has not spread outside the breast”("Stages of Breast Cancer") meaning that no lymph nodes are infected with the cancer. Stage IB is where “there is no tumor in the breast; instead, small groups of cancer cells – larger than 0.2 millimeters but not larger than 2 millimeters – are found in the lymph nodes” or “there is a tumor in the breast that is no larger than 2 centimeters, and there are small groups of cancer cells – larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters – in the lymph nodes”("Stages of Breast Cancer"). The major difference between stage 0 to stages 1A and 1B is that the cancer has either spread outside of the breast or into the lymph nodes. Jumping over to Stage II cancer, this stage will also be divided up into Stage IIA and Stage IIB. As the stages go on, they become boarder and more complex. Stage IIA is a cancer that has grown larger than Stage I. Stage IIA is portrayed as “no tumor can be found in the breast, but cancer (larger than 2 millimeters) is found in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes (the lymph nodes under the arm) or in the lymph nodes near the breast bone (found during a sentinel node biopsy)” or “the tumor measures 2 centimeters or smaller and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes” or “the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes” ("Stages of Breast Cancer").
Stage IIB is a cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes or has grown larger than 5 centimeters. Breastcancer.org describes Stage IIB as “the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but no larger than 5 centimeters; small groups of breast cancer cells – larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters – are found in the lymph nodes” or “the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but no larger than 5 centimeters: cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel node biopsy)” or “the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.” The most complex stage is Stage III. Consisting of 3 stages, consisting of both invasive and inflammatory breast cancer, is the most severe breast cancer that hasn’t spread to other organs within the
body. Stage IIIA is broken down to three different variations. It could include when “no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size; cancer is found in 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during imaging tests or physical exam)” or “the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters; small groups of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes” or “the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters; cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy)” ("Stages of Breast Cancer"). Stage IIIB is broken down to invasive cancer and inflammatory cancer. The invasive breast cancer is when “the tumor may be any size and has spread to the chest wall and/or skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer” and “may have spread to up to 9 axillary lymph nodes” or “may have spread to lymph nodes near the breastbone” ("Stages of Breast Cancer"). The Inflammatory cancer has the characteristics such as “reddening of a large portion of the breast skin, the breast feels warm and may be swollen, [and the] cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes and may be found in the skin” ("Stages of Breast Cancer"). The finally part of Stage III breast cancer is IIIC, which is broken down to 3 different variations. They all include where “there may be no sign of cancer in the breast or, if there is a tumor, it may be any size and may have spread to the chest wall and/or the skin of the breast” with the combination of either “the cancer has spread to 10 or more axillary lymph nodes” or “the cancer has spread to lymph nodes above or below the collarbone” or “the cancer has spread to axillary lymph nodes near the breastbone” ("Stages of Breast Cancer"). All very complex and dangerous combinations. The final stage in this staging system is Stage IV, which is simply put as when the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or to other organs. The other stage system is called TNM or Tumor, Node, Metastasis, which is used by researchers and is unlikely to be used with a patient. The TNM staging system is based on three characteristics including size (T stands for tumor), lymph node involvement (N stands for node) and whether the cancer has metastasized (M stands for metastasis). Breaking down the system, we start at the T category. This category includes TX, T0, Tis, and a big category of T1, T2, T3, and T4. TX is when the tumor can’t be measured or found. T0 means that there isn’t any evidence of the primary tumor. Tis means the cancer is not growing into healthy breast tissue. Finally, the number T1, T2, T3, and T4 are based on the size of the tumor and whether it has grown into neighboring breast tissue. The higher the number after the T, the more extensive the tumor is and/or more abundant the cancer is within the breast tissue. Diving into the N category, which describes whether or not the cancer has reached nearby lymph nodes, we have NX, N0, and another bigger category of N1, N2, and N3. NX means the nearby lymph nodes can’t be measured or found. N0 means nearby lymph nodes do not contain cancer. You are put within the larger category of N1, N2, and N3 when the lymph nodes contain cancer. The larger the number after the N, the greater amount of lymph nodes involved and/or the greater amount of cancer within said lymph nodes. The final category within the TNM system is the M category, which includes MX, M0, and M1. MX means metastasis can’t be measured or found. While M0 means that there is no distant metastasis. Finally, M1 means that distant metastasis is present. Using this system can help get a exact reading on how your breast cancer is progressing, leading to a more exact treatment.
"Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer, by Stage." Cancer.com. American Cancer Society. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. .
As modern humans, we understand that the quality of our health is affected by the negative impacts, such as air pollution, water and food. Science is developing in much faster way but at the same time number of problems are also arising. Problems like infectious diseases, diseases without any treatment or whose treatments are available up to a lesser extent such as Lung cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer etc. Cancer is responsible for one in seven deaths. It is epidemic disease thefore its consequences can be seen worldwide. More than twelve million new cases diagnosed yearly and the rate is increasing much faster (Hegde, j.j. 2009). Large number of patients die after developing cancer despite the availabity of various treatments, therefore there is a increase demand for a developing new approaches to cancer therapy. There are number of treatments available but the problem is that they have number of side effects, disturbance or effect on the norm...
Breast cancer can be invasive or noninvasive. If the cancer has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast and leads to the severe tumor formation , it is Invasive Cancer. Noninvasive refers that the cancerous cells have not yet invaded other breast tissue. Noninvasive breast cancer is also termed as "in situ."
About 12% of women in the United States will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, more than any other type of cancer (www.breastcancer.org, 2015). Many people lack the knowledge of how breast cancer is developed. Some people think they will not get cancer because they do not smoke cigarettes, but this is not the only cause of cancer developing in the breast. Anyone can get cancer. Everyone is potentially at risk for developing some form of Cancer (American Cancer Society, 2015).
Breast cancer is a type of cancer where cells in the breast divide and grow without normal control. By the time a lump is big enough to feel, it may have been growing for at least ten years, and by that time, it is harder to control how fast the cancer will grow or spread to other parts of the breast, and maybe even other parts of the body.
According to the American Cancer Society, Each year, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer; furthermore Twelve percent of all women will contract the disease, and 3.5% of them will die from breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2005). There are risk factors that may lead to breast cancer. There are 4 stages of breast cancer and several treatments, although treatments vary from types and stages of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women who are 40 to 55 years old (Breast Cancer, 2009).Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. It changes from a normal cell to cancerous cells that require gene alterations. Therefore the altered genes and the uncontrolled growth may lead to tumors. Tumors can be benign or malignant, benign tumors are not cancerous whereas malignant are cancerous. Benign tumors will not spread, but it can damage the tissues around it. Malignant tumors invade, damage, and destroy tissues that are nearby and can spread. When cancer cells break away from a malignant tumor and enter into the bloodstream, cancer can spread throughout the body. The cancer cells from breast cancer can be found in the lymph nodes under the arm. Cancer that spreads into other parts of the body; its still has the same name as the original cancer. So basically if you are diagnosed with breast cancer and it goes into your lungs, you still have breast cancer.
Stage IIB can also be detected in three ways. If there is a tumor between two and five centimeters present with small groups of breast cancer cells sizes varying between .2 millimeters and 2 millimeters found in the lymph nodes. The second way that IIB can be found is if there is a tumor of those same dimensions found, but this time present with cancer cells that have spread to two to three axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the breastbone. The last way can be described as a tumor larger than five centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.
Each stage is characterized by an A, B, or C letter, depending on the degree to which the symptoms present themselves. The differences in each stage are as follows: stage 1 is when the cancer is either found in one ovary or both, stage 2 the tumor is found in one or both ovaries and extends to other pelvic structures, stage 3 the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen or to the lymph nodes and finally in stage 4 the cancer has spread to other organs in the body including the liver or lungs (Ovarian Cancer National Alliance). Cancer is “staged” by taking a sample of the infected tissue surgically and sending it to a lab for examination. Staging is crucial in order for medical professionals to determine which course of treatment would be the most effective for the given patient. If misdiagnosed, an entire area affected by this disease could potentially be missed and left untreated.
Breast Cancer is defined as “a group of solid tumor malignancies arising in the tissues of the breast” (Sarah Crawford, Richard Alder, 2013) in human and other mammals. It can happen to both men and women. For women, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. According to National Cancer Institute, in the United States, the 2014 estimated new cases and deaths of female from breast cancer are 232,670 and 40,000, respectively. For male, it’s 430 deaths out of 2,360 new cases. From these numbers, we can see that women in the U.S. are greatly affected by breast cancer, thus, it’s not difficult to imagine the impact on a worldwide level. Although these numbers look frightening, people can actually survive from breast cancer if it is detected early and treated properly, so it is extremely important for all of us, especially women, to have a better understanding of breast cancer.
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. The signs of breast cancer might include a change in the breast size, dimpling of the skin on your body, a lump in the breast, fluid coming from the breast nipple, or ever red patchy skin around the breast. When the breast cancer spreading, there might be swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, yellow skin or bone aches. Women in the U.S. have a 1 in 8 chance of evolving an aggressive form of breast cancer during their lifetime. When breast cancer is aggressive, it starts in the breast glands but grows into breast tissue. There are many treatments of breast cancer, there is no cure found yet. However they are effective treatments out there to handle breast cancer patients. Breast cancer treatments will depend on what type of breast cancer you have developed, also where your cancer has spread. The breast cancer patient would work with their doctor to come up with a plan that 's best for them to improve their health. There is two types of aggressive cancer, one is the ductal carcinoma. This is the most type of cancer a lot of breast cancer patients have, making up about 80%. Cancer cells start in a milk canal, break through the walls, and invade breast tissue. It can continue constrained, which mean that it stays around where the tumor was first started. On the other hand cancer cells may spread anywhere in the body. Invasive lobular carcinoma is about 10% of aggressive breast cancers. Dealing with ILC most women feel a thickening around or in their breast instead of a lump in their breast. Sadly some women might have signs of the combination of both. These are most asked questions with dealing with aggressive cancer. Like what upsurges the...
The first place that breast cancer usually spreads to is the lymph glands (the nodes) and in the armpit (axilla). If this occurs, you may develop a swelling or lump in an armpit. Immediately this is noticed kindly rush to your doctor and seek for solution to avoid getting advanced. When the cancer spreads to other parts of the body then various other symptoms can develop!!!
Vaginal Cancer is more likely to affect women who are 60 and older. Women can get diagnosed with vaginal cancer by the doctors looking at their medical history, getting a physical exam, pelvic exam, Colposcopy, Biopsy, and a Pap test. There are 4 stages of vaginal cancer. Stage 1 of vaginal cancer is when the cancer cells have entered the deep tissue layers of the vagina. Stage 2 is when the cancer cells have reached the connective tissue surrounding the vagina. In stage 3 is where the cancer has spread beyond the vagina to the walls of the pelvis to nearby lymph nodes, but they have not yet spread to the organs close to the vagina. And finally, stage 4 is separated into two parts, stage 4A and stage 4B. Stage 4A is where the disease has spread
I never thought sixty-four pages could cause tears to roll down my cheeks and twist my heart into the most intricate knot that could only be undone by cutting it in half. “Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes.” showed me it can happen. My mother’s friend has stage four breast cancer. I can recall coming home one day to my mother. I slid my bag off of my shoulders and bounced into the kitchen.
It all started on a bright morning of summer fun. I woke up, brushed my teeth and got ready to begin the day. My mother, Celine who is a beautiful, loud, hard-working women I look up to. She is working for Union Bank and has been for the past 7 years. My mom came up to me and asked if I would like to go with her at an event she was attending that day and without hesitation I said “of course mom I would love to”.
“It has become a part of the accepted wisdom to say that the twentieth century was the century of physics and the twenty-first century will be the century of biology. ”-Freeman Dyson I strongly believe that studying what you passionately admire would take you to the peak of your career. At school, I would always ask my teachers about how can so many genes and proteins communicate with each other to maintain the body’s homeostasis and what might be the underlying activities of the cells. It was this passion and curiosity for biology ever since my childhood that drove my interest to take up Biotechnology as my profession.