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History of bowling
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Bowling: A Growing Sport
Statistically speaking, bowling is the most popular sport played among Americans each year. On average, within the last four years there have been eighty-two million Americans per year participating. For a relatively small cost friends and families can go roll balls for sport and fun.
The sport itself dates back several centuries. Rolling a ball to knock down various targets has been the object of many games in different countries and continents throughout history. Evidence of this was found in ancient tombs in Egypt and even on some Polynesian Islands. The game discovered on the Polynesian Islands appeared to be about a century older than the game in Egypt (History-Bowling).
Modern bowling, however, most likely grew out of a German religious ceremony. In the third century A.D. every German peasant carried around a kegel, a club for protection. Eventually it became a customary test of faith in churches for a parishioner to set up his kegel as a target. The kegel represented the heathen and the object was to roll a stone in attempt to knock it down. If successful the peasant was free of sin (History-Bowling).
Eventually bowling moved out of the church and became a popular secular sport, with a wooden ball replacing the stone and multiple pins, with numbers ranging from three to seventeen, replacing the single kegel. From here evidence of bowling could be found in many places around the world. In 1650, the Dutch in Amsterdam were bowling ninepins. The pins were arranged in a diamond pattern of one-two-three-two-one. The “alley” was a plank about one and a half feet wide and ninety feet long. Once ninepins hit America it took off and developed into ten pins and the game that it is today (History-Bowling).
Currently, bowling is one of the oldest and most popular indoor sports in the world. More and more Americans compete in bowling, with it’s widespread popularity over the past ten years especially. Now it is the most popular sports in the United States, Canada, Japan and most of the Latin American Nations. Other forms of bowling that exist in these countries are boccie, candle pins, duck pins, five pins, lawn bowling and nine pins. There exist many bowling organizations in the world toda...
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...ounger age bowling can be enjoyed throughout life and is a good light workout for older folks. So as America’s most participated sport, Bowling is expanding and will continue to do so for many years as many experts of the game believe. With an extremely interesting history and a bright future bowling is expected to remain on top for many years to come.
Works Cited
Bowling Industry.com. 26 Feb. 2005 http://www.bowlingindustry.com
Campos, Johnny. “Sport Bowling is Growing Up.” Bowling Digest Fall 2004. Ebscohost. Albright Memorial Library. 15 Feb. 2005 http://web20.epnet.com
“History-Bowling.” HickokSports.com. 28 Feb. 2005 http://www.hickoksports.com/history/bowling.shtml
Martin, Joan L. Bowling. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, 1966.
May, Mike. “Bowling Popularity High in a Game Under Reconstruction.” SGMA International. 20 Feb. 2002. Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association. 15 Feb. 2005 http://www.sgma.com/press/2002/press1013020876- 17362.html
The play is pretty clear that Father Flynn is innocent. Father Brendan Flynn is a very conservative priest, who wants to help the students. He also tried to make changes such that student would use ball pen and sing frosty the snowman. In the other hand, Sister Aloysius is a progressive nun, who does not like the school to change. Father Flynn caught Donald drinking wine, and to save the boy from getting discharged as an altar boy, he made a promise to Donald to not to tell anyone. Sister Aloysius drove Father Flynn to the point that he had to tell the truth about Donald drinking the altar wine. The church will now have to discharge Donald as an altar boy, which Father Flynn had been trying to avoid this entire time. Before leaving Sister Aloysius’s office, Father Flynn tells her that, “He is displeased with her handling of the situation.”(Shanley 35)
It is difficult to make the decision if Father Flynn is innocent or guilty. In John Patrick Shanley’s Doubt; a parable, he eclipses the truth very well. The scenes about the toy, the camping trip and the undershirt cause much confusion; causing the audience to go back and forth in their minds and doubt Father Flynn. Law says that people are innocent until proven guilty although; realistically, everyone knows that people are guilty until proven innocent. It is very possible that Father Fynn is only helping Donald, because he is less fortunate than the other students at his school; and it is also very possible that he is hurting the child by molesting him. The decision is left to the audience as the jury.
I. I am sure that all of you know that there is special equipment that is used when you bowl.
It is a sporting equipment and as such we can easily connect it with fun and competition, it also has holes drilled for the fingers, which leads to a better grip, more control. On the other hand, it is heavy, thus it is something that wants to get away from you, it is hard to hold control of it, it needs those holes drilled if we want to somewhat control it.
The game of golf is one of the oldest of today’s modern sports. Its exact beginnings are not known; however, some historians trace golf back to the Stone Age while others claim it originated from the “idle antics of shepherd boys knocking small stones into holes in the ground with a crook while their flocks grazed nearby” (Peper 1). Researched back to the time of the Roman Empire, it is also believed the sports-oriented Romans played a forerunner of the game of golf called paganica. This sport involved the use of a bent stick and a ball stuffed with wool played in the open countryside.
The play, Doubt: A Parable written by John Patrick Shanley, is based purely on uncertainty. Throughout the whole play, all I felt was uncertainty and I have still not come to a firm conclusion about what Father Flynn has done. There are many pieces of evidence proving his guilt and proving his innocence. I did enjoy reading the play and I think my favorite part about it is that I will never fully know what happened and who was right. I like being able to create my own ending to a book because you get to use your imagination. Today during the debate I started out as defending Father Flynn’s innocence. I do stand by what I was defending because there is no certain evidence against him that can prove him guilty; it is all based on assumption.
Puntam, Robert D. (1995) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community Simon & Schuster ISBN: 0684832836
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The ball reached the end of its journey, and the pins to explode for his second strike. He raised his hand once more triumphantly and held up two fingers. Slowly he reached down and grabbed his rosin bag once more. James stood there and intently stared at the scoreboard one more time, figuring out what exactly he needed to throw in his final shot. He glanced over his shoulder at Paul their lead-off bowler, and raised his eyebrow in question. Paul stood there and rose up four fingers, as if he truly knew what James was thinking. Noise in the bowling alley, became definitely silent. It reminded James about the church he was raised in, right before of
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Games similar to soccer were played in China as early as 400 B.C. In 200 A.D. the Romans played a game in which 2 teams tried to score by advancing the ball across a line on a field, which means no soccer goals. They passed the ball to one another, but not by kicking it. Also in the 1100's, London children played a form of soccer (World Book Encyclopedia, S p.73).
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