The thirty years’ war is one of the wars most known and studied in the early modern period in Europe. Is a conflict that begins in 1618, until 1648 with the peace of Westphalia. Although it begins as an internal conflict of the sacred Empire, it turns to an international war between Catholics and Protestants, the intervention of Spain, France and the Scandinavian monarchies created complications that prolonged the war. “The war went through four distinguishable periods. During its course, it drew in every major Western European nation–at least diplomatically and financially, if not by direct military intervention. The four periods were the Bohemian (1618–1625); the Danish (1625–1629); the Swedish (1630–1635); and the Swedish-French (1635–1648).” …show more content…
It was for the most part Protestant, but his king, Ferdinand II was catholic. The king, who had come to the throne in 1617, applied the beginning of the absolutism in the religious plane and put end to the religious tolerance and closing protestant church’s. In consequence, the Royal palace was invaded and some royal representatives were thrown from a window, but none of them died; This lead to a conflict were a provisional government unrecognized the authority of Ferdinand II and crowned the Calvinist Frederick V. What just started as a rebellion against the lord of Bohemian shortly became into a universal war with the intervention of Spain sending their troops to aid Ferdinand against Frederick V’s armed force at the battle of White Mountain. By 1622, Ferdinand had quelled and re-Catholicized Bohemia, and conquered the Palatinate also. “Meanwhile, Maximilian of Bavaria pressed the conflict into northwestern Germany, laying claim to land as he went.” (Kagan, Ozment , & Frank M Turner …show more content…
England, France and other powers of Western Europe were alarmed by the growing strength of the Habsburgs, but the first two realms abstained intervene immediately because of their internal difficulties. However, Cristian IV, King of Denmark and Norway, itself went in support of them Protestant German moved mainly by considerations not religious, he wished to occupy new territories in the Northwest of Europe and end with the control that it House of Habsburg exercised on the Duchy Danish of Holstein. With the support of the German Lutheran and Calvinist princes, Christian IV mobilized a large army in the spring of 1625 and invaded Saxony. The expedition was found with little resistance to a year more afternoon. Meanwhile, the Bohemian general Albrecht von Wallenstein, had assembled a mighty army of mercenaries that had been put at the service of the Emperor Ferdinand II, who until then had only the army of the Catholic League of the already count of Tilly. Wallenstein mercenaries achieved his first victory in Saxony, Moreover, the count of Tilly defeated the main body of the army of Christian IV. imperial armies invaded across North of the current German territory, devastating in its wake numerous towns and villages. when Fernando II issued the edict of restitution, which “reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and it
The period 1550 to 1660 was a period of extreme dislocation and major change, within which saw periods boom and bust in various regions across Europe. This was followed by a much quieter period in the later 17th century that most economic historians would call recessionary. Along with the religious consequences of the Reformation and Counter Reformation came deep and lasting political changes. Northern Europe’s new religious and political freedoms came at a great cost, with decades of rebellions, wars and bloody
The wars going on throughout Europe through this era were claiming territories through conquest, marriage alliances, or inheritance agreements on the basis of religious uniformity (429). In the 1540’s Germany’s Charles V set into motion attacks against the German princes who were proponents for Lutheran worship. This failed due to the financial taxing of the war Germany had going on with France as well as the fear that the oppression of the Lutheran prices would be similarly done to the Catholic princes in time. In 1955 the Peace of Augsburg was instituted, stated that where Lutherans ruled, Lutherism would be the religion, and the same for Catholic regions. This treaty, while successful in Germany, would set the standard of division of religion throughout Europe (430–431).
Pg 9. [11] J.Morrill ‘The Church in England 1642-9’ in Reaching to the English Civil War 1642-1649. Pg 90 [12] M.Goldie. Pg 295 [13] Morrill. The impact of the English Civil War.
Catholicism, but he did not forget his Protestant roots. In 1598, he issue the Edict of
February 15th, 1898, all is quiet in Havana Harbor. The crew of the USS Maine is sound asleep less a few solitary watchmen. The brackish sea air and the calm ocean breeze are soothing and peaceful. This would hardly suggest the terror about to erupt on this “peaceful” visit to the Spanish-controlled Cuban harbor. At 9:45PM, a violent explosion rips the Maine apart sending it plummeting down to the muddy sea floor and killing nearly all of her crew. All of the Spanish boats in the harbor rushed to the aid of the American vessel and its survivors: the commander, Captain Charles D. Sigsbee, and a few lucky crewmembers. Even though Captain Sigsbee, a favorite of the Naval Department, urged President McKinley not to react in an aggressive manner toward Spain, the media, namely New York newspaper editors Pulitzer and Hearst, already inflating current issues relating to the Cuban revolution, spin the incident out of control. The American public goes mad with suspicion of Spanish fowl play and the sinking of the USS Maine serves as the immediate catalyst to the Spanish-American war.
1. Anderson, Fred “Crucible of War”, The Seven Years’ War and the fate of Empire in British North America. Random House: New York, NY 2000
Political structure at that time led to Bismarck's success in war. With the untimely death of the Danish King, Christian VII, both Schleswig and Holstein refused to recognize the dynastic succession of the Danish King Frederick VII and appealed to the Frankfurt Assembly for recognition of Schleswig-Holstein as an independent German state, free from the Danish crown (doc2). With the declaration of an all-German war on the Kingdom of Denmark by the Frankfurt Assembly, Prussia immediately prepared a small military force to fight for the independence of Schleswig and Holstein (docs3,4). Prussia's aid proved victorious with the Danish defenses easily besieged (doc5). The English heard about the success of Prussia and of their preparations for an invasion of Jutland.
The War of the Triple Alliance is regarded as the bloodiest war in the history of Latin America, taking place from 1864 to 1870. In a seemingly uneven match up, the country of Paraguay took on an alliance of three countries: Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Paraguay started this conflict under the rule of Francisco Solano López, the country’s dictator. What would make Fransisco Solano López, dictator of Paraguay, exponentially increase his military forces and attack an alliance of three countries, two of which are much larger than Paraguay? I will use operational code to study the dictator who started the war and examine reasons as to why he made such the rash and risky decision that he did. After examining Francisco Solano López’s operational code, I will delve into the topic of prospect theory to further evaluate the reasons for mobilizing a military and starting a war, and the risks involved with doing so. The topic of militarized interstate disputes, otherwise known as MIDs, will be the last subject I discuss in relation to the causes of the war, and I will explain his motives for the dispute as well as the motives of the opposition
The Seven Years War proved to be a crossroads in the history of British colonial rule in America. Britain was victorious, but after defeating her French foes (along with their Indian allies), Britain was left to contemplate the ramifications of a war that would leave her relationship with her American colonies altered forever. This change would eventually lead to conflict between the colonies and Britain, and ultimately the Declaration of American Independence.
In 1519 Charles was elected German King and Holy Roman Emperor. So after his visit to Spain he went to Germany to be officially crowned king. But, he would have to wait until 1530 to become the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles was going through a lot and he soon started feeling the pressures of his obligations and to add to his pressures, he would soon be going into war with France, a big competitor and persistent enemy.
The following is a critique of an article written by Christel Roberts and Charlotte B. Thorup entitled, “Care as a Matter of Courage: Vulnerability, Suffering and Ethical Formation in Nursing Care.” The article was published in 2012 and featured in the Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. The article records details of a qualitative research study on nurses’ life experiences with vulnerability and suffering and how they perceive this phenomenon impacts nursing care. This study was developed in 2005 and conducted by researchers in Sweden, Finland, and Denmark in 2007 (Roberts & Thorup, 2012).
The Holy Roman Empire was an empire in central Europe consisting of many territories and ethnicities. Once very powerful, the empire’s authority slowly decreased over centuries and by the Middle Ages the emperor was little more than a figurehead, allowing princes to govern smaller sections of the empire. Though the various ruling princes owed loyalty to the emperor, they were also granted a degree of independence and privileges. The emperor, an elected monarch, needed the allegiance of the princes and other aristocracy to support him, in turn giving them power or money. This tenuous allegiance between powers was greatly strained in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as religious reform dominated Europe and religious tensions divided the empire. Beginning in the sixteenth century, the empire’s power significantly declined because of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation split the empire’s states into Protestant and Catholic divisions, straining the peace between territories. Though the relationship between the princes and the emperor had already been tenuous, the princes, seeing the religious divisions, sensed weakness in the empire and further challenged imperial authority. The Holy Roman emperors battled Protestant princes in Germany into the seventeenth century, where tensions were still high from the Reformation and wars of religion – initially contained to the German territories – began to include other territories and states. As more European states joined the conflict, the Holy Roman Empire continued to deteriorate. From the early sixteenth to the mid seventeenth century, the Holy Roman Empire’s power declined greatly because of its internal religious rifts, conflicts (in particular the Thirty Years War, whic...
The 14th century is ranked as one of the most distressing epochs in the history of Western culture. With the transformation of the Holy Roman Empire into a greatly destabilized elective monarchy, the transfer in political power from Germany to France and the escalation of England's power comes the end of the High Middle Ages in which Europe sank into a time of despair. Many events were responsible for this decline and loss of hope. Among them, three deserve special attention: the Great Schism, the Hundred Years War, and the Black Plague.
Describe and account for the progress of the Reformation in Germany to c. AD 1535.
Profitable interests and competitions played a part, so did people’s religion and the power politics. This essay will cover the key countries in the war, how the Thirty Years’ War ended, and the effects of the war. Learning about the countries involved, how the war ended, and the effects really showed me how much the Thirty Years’ War changed the European area and changed the lives of the people that lived there. Everyone is going to have their own opinion on the war and how it turned out, but personally I find that the war actually created a positive outcome for the European region. Just look at some positives such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Hapsburgs losing power, also changing the way of their religion, boundaries, and reign of power within the states.