For Kristen and her friend, they can decide what music to play as they drive , travel from Flint to Atlanta by agreeing or effecting a voluntary non-hierarchical contract arrived at by voluntary bargaining among themselves, rather than a hierarchy or a third party imposition having a win-win attitude in mind.
If the two opt for a hierarchical resolution, the resolution process and the enforcement of the hierarchical decision will come with cost to the parties as well as the value of the time entail in the resolution process. It is equally important to note that in a case where playing bluegrass music is prohibited or otherwise during the trip, one party stands to lose. In other words, the cost of such resolution may go to one of them. While
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Furthermore, the hierarchical or the third party superior might have no real incentive to arrive at an efficient resolution. Thus his or her fiat might be motivated by other factions includes self or personal interest. There is also the possibility of imposing a fiat that is a ‘cope’ of a similar previous resolution rather than basing it solely on the current circumstance.
Kristen and her friend, for their voluntary non-hierarchical resolution can bargain their preference till a mutually agreeable contract is reached. Such contract will be a win-win one, making both friends better off. Kristen could pay her friend enough to keep her, making her give up her dislike for the music while she play it the entire trip. In same vain the friend could pay Kristen while she give up playing bluegrass music during the entire trip or portion of the trip. It could even be that during their bargaining the two friends can mutually agree without paying each other, which portion of the trip to play bluegrass and make it up with country music. This bargaining option seem much realistic and attainable among friend without much cost in respect of time. Whichever mutual agreement they reach, it should be voluntaristic
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In this case, where the parties are only two individuals, transaction cost is likely to be much less than if it had involved a lot of people or a process that involves an institution or a firm. Multiple contracts specifying the rights and responsibilities of various parties and contracts with verify of contingencies is likely to pose a higher cost. Thus, the likelihood is to leave some of these contingencies open with the possibility of such open contingencies occurring. In the case of Kristen and her friend, a simple and less contingent contract can be
...gers of the old folk music are referred to as “authentic”. The author uses the biographies and the personal experiences of true Appalachian folk musicians to portray what life in the Appalachians was like. The strong family values, the music, the legends.
The final liaison allows Kissinger to offer principles that should guide the handling of the crisis. His suggestions are aimed at producing an amenable outcome for all parties involved. Kissinger calls this “balanced dissatisfaction” that could slow the momentum moving everyone toward confrontation, an outcome he does not desire at all.
Lewicki, R., Saunders, D.M., Barry B., (2010) Negotiation: Readings, Exercises, and Cases. 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill Irwin. New York, NY
Appalachian Music Appalachee - people on the other side Folk music - What is folk music? Traditional songs existing in countries. Handed down through generations. Passes on by word of mouth, not written in musical notation. Don't know who wrote it. Melody and lyrics change as they are passed on.
In the 1920s there was a growing interest in country music, and bluegrass was one of the genres in hillbilly music that caught the attention all over the country. Known for the unique guitar sound, religious and gentle ballads, and mountain singing practices, the Carter Family is considered to be one of the great representatives of the bluegrass music in the Appalachian region. Loved by the audience all over the country, they established a “standard” sound that people would expect from bluegrass music. Taking a deeper look into the genre, almost all of the bluegrass groups are formed by solely white people. Why there were no traces of other races in the region being involved in the music? As the listener could imagine on the good old days and pretty scenery depicted in the bluegrass ballads, very little details on the lives of the people living in the present were heard from the songs. Bluegrass music is not a genre that provides listeners a genuine image of the musical and social landscape of the Appalachian region, but the commercialized music genre that is created by the white Appalachian residents for the whites in the whole United State America using newly-developed broadcast and commercial recording technology.
Most of the common activities in our daily life present an opportunity to negotiate, whether or not we realise it. Meta-reflecting upon my negotiation experiences during the class and other activities have led me to identify few common themes. In this assignment, the two themes I will be discussing are (1) the importance of being clear on the strategic intent and big picture thinking, and (2) the importance of managing the negotiation process through understanding the various phases and visualising negotiation as a train journey.
Negotiation is a discussion between two or more people with goal of reaching agreement on
Negotiation is the “process of bargaining in order to settle differences or solve a problem” (Engleberg and Wynn 182). It is also a nightcrawler’s main method of conflict management. Louis and other nightcrawlers have to negotiate with news stations to get the most money for their work. Like everything else that Louis deals with, he also pushes the boundaries of negotiation with Nina. He is aware that her station is the lowest performing in Los Angeles and that her contract is nearing its end period. He uses this information to negotiate and basically blackmail her into providing him a base payout for each footage submission, verbal credit to his company on-air, and even an intimate relationship. He does the exact opposite of what principled negotiation calls for. Principled negotiation is a process for resolving conflict that focus on “people, interests, options, and criteria” (Engleberg and Wynn 182). He provides only one solution for mutual gain, establishes a standard that Nina must agree with at the risk of losing her job, and instead of separating her from the problem, he directly associates her with
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) involves dispute resolution processes and techniques that fall outside of the government judicial process. There has been moves against ADR in the past by entities of many political parties and their associates, despite this, ADR has gained inclusive acceptance among both the broad community and the legal profession in past years. In fact, many courts now entail some parties to remedy to ADR of some type, usually mediation, before allowing the parties' cases to be tried. The increasing attractiveness of ADR can be clarified by the increasing caseload of traditional courts, the perception that ADR imposes fewer costs than litigation, a preference for confidentiality, and the desire of some parties to obtain larger control over the selection of the individual or individuals who will decide their dispute.
Living in a fancy new development, Chris is concerned that his new business will prevent him from taking care of his lawn, which has strict requirements under neighborhood rules. Not wanted to upset his neighbors, Chris decides to hire Matt to cut his grass. In a distributive bargaining approach, each negotiator’s objective is in direct conflict with the other. Looking at our situation, each party is concerned about the final price and has a limited number of resources.
Among the numerous advantages promised by a well-constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction. A faction, as commonly understood, is a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passions or of interest, adverse to the rights of there citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. There are two methods of curing the mischief of faction: the one, by removing its causes, and the other, by controlling its effects. To attack the causes of faction, there are two possible approaches, either destroy liberty, which is essential to its existence, or by give every citizen the same opinions, passions and interests. Obviously, in this case, the possible remedies are far more intolerable than the disease. The latent causes of faction are inherent traits of human kind, and therefore faction, to one degree or another, appears in almost every facet of society. To ameliorate society of this problem, it is necessary that no man have the ability to be a judge in his own cause because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably corrupt his integrity. Even if some superlative people would be able to circumvent this trait, the fact that those in this position will not always be superlative negates this exception. By this reasoning, the causes of faction cannot be removed; and that relief is only to be sought in means of controlling its effects. If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican principle, which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote; while this may lead to inefficient governing and the convulsion of society, it will effectively deter the violence of faction. The problem from there progresses to one of keeping a powerful majority in check so that it can not trample the interests of the population as a whole. For this reason, a pure democracy is without competence to remedy faction; only in a republic, representative democracy, is the prospect for the deterrence of faction present.
Negotiations always occur between parties who believe that some benefit may come of purposeful discussion. The parties to a negotiation usually share an intention to reach an agreement. This is the touchstone to which any thinking of negotiations must refer. While there may be some reason to view negotiations as attempts by each party to get the better of the other, this particular type of adversarial negotiation is really just one of the options available. Among the beginning principles of a negotiation must be an acknowledgment that the parties to a negotiation have both individual and group interests that are partially shared and partially in conflict, though the parameters and proportions of these agreements and disagreements will never be thoroughly known; this acknowledgment identifies both the reason and the essential subject matter for reflection on a wide range of issues relevant to a negotiation. (Gregory Tropea, November 1996)
Sia’s maximum that he would be willing to pay, is $12,000 and Mike’s minimum he would be willing to accept is $10,000. An agreement, if one is reached, will create $2,000 in integrative value compared with no deal, because Sia one-sidedly values the car $2,000 more than does Mike. How that $2,000 is divided between them whether, let 's say, the price agreed to is $10,000, $11,000, or $12,000 is a matter of distributive negotiating: any gain for Sia means pain for Mike, and the other way around. It’s, therefore, fair to describe this as generation of $2,000 in distributive value, distributed in accordance with distributive negotiating skills. On the other hand, what if Mike is an exceptional mechanic and enjoys spelunking in his spare time. Sia, conversely, can’t fix anything, and he hates having to take his car to unfamiliar mechanic shops since he fears that they will take advantage of him. These details propose that more integrative value might be created by the sale of the car if Mike will guarantee to repair any item that breaks for 9 months after the transaction. Let’s assume, for example, that this would cause Sia’s maximum price to increase to $12,500, while Mike minimum price would increase only to $10,200. Any deal that incorporated the repair agreement would be collaborative because it would generate more integrative value than the parties could achieve through the sale of the car alone. The additional $300 can be explained as the value that can be created by the negotiators’ integrative negotiating skills. “In addition, positive emotions make the parties less contentious and more optimistic about the future, which, in turn, increases the chances they will search for multiple alternatives and find a better integrative—win–win—agreement.
Friend, Celeste. "Social Contract Theory [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Hamilton College, 15 Oct. 2004. Web. 01 Oct. 2011. .
In reality, most employees pretend to be non-assertive, let others make decisions but remain resentful to a resolution reached. Despite allowing the top management makes a vital decision on the conflict most team members remain aggressive. They use their powers to pass a clear stand that the autocratic interventions are non-satisfactory.