Insulin is a protein hormone that is secreted in the pancreas and is responsible for regulation of blood glucose levels in the liver, muscles, and fat cells where it is used for cellular metabolism. Once stimulated, the glucose is then converted into glycogen in the blood. In this experiment, subjects were tested on the effects Coca Cola, water, and doughnuts had on the blood glucose levels. Prior to the experiment, subjects were instructed to fast in order to maintain a baseline blood glucose level. One specified subjects’ blood glucose levels were monitored after drinking Coca Cola and the other subjects’ blood glucose levels were monitored after drinking water. Meanwhile the remaining subjects’ blood glucose levels were monitored after eating doughnuts. The sugar that is found in …show more content…
Coca Cola and doughnuts are known to affect blood glucose levels and stimulate the activity of insulin in the body. There is a theory called the Cephalic Phase Insulin Release (CPIR) which states that the release of insulin could be stimulated by the smell or sight of sweet food products such as the ones in this experiment.
The consumption of these products was able to produce a CPIR.
Introduction
Glucose is a simple sugar that is an important source of energy and is needed by all living organisms. As glucose increases in the blood, insulin releases which then allows insulin to act on cells throughout the body to stimulate uptake, usage, and storage of glucose. Blood glucose level rise in the blood when carbohydrate rich food are consumed. The change in blood glucose levels is a result of the intestinal absorption of glucose from starch and sugars by amylase and disaccharides. The function of insulin plays an important part as well once it is released. Insulin is used in order to lower the body’s blood glucose levels by regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats (Bowen et al., 2006). Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in response to elevated blood glucose levels and also aids in glucose transport. As an important part of the body, insulin is plays two major roles which include increase of glucose transport in the liver, muscles, and fat cells and polymerization of glucose to glycogen (Randall et al., 2002). The
standard normal glucose level of insulin for blood glucose is 90mg/100mL of blood (Tharp, 2002). If an individual’s blood glucose level is below this range then they could be subjected to hypoglycemia and if they are above this range then they could be subjected to hyperglycemia and diabetes. The purpose of this experiment is to show the effects insulin has on blood glucose levels after a fasting period and to test if the cephalic phase has been introduced in this experiment. Blood glucose levels were monitored after drinking Coca Cola, water, and doughnuts. The CPIR is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system which is affected when there is a sight, smell, thought, or taste of food presented to the subject. The response is increased as the appetite is increased which explains one of the reasons why fasting was necessary for the best possible results. It has been shown that sweet tasting food provokes a pre-absorptive release of insulin in the blood in response to a food related stimulus (Teff, 1994). This could be explained because a neural delay is initiated consequently sending sensory information that could lead to endocrine release of hormones from the pancreas (Teff, 2000). Materials & Methods In this experiment, there were three variables tested to study the effects of insulin regulation on blood glucose. There were a group of 8 participants that were instructed to fast for a period of 6-12 hours prior to experimentation. The subjects were then divided into three groups; 1 participant in the Coca Cola group, 1 participant in the water group, and the remaining 6 participants in the doughnut group. The Coca Cola and water groups were instructed to consume 500 mL of the specified drink. The water group was served as the control group and the Coca Cola and doughnut group were the variables. The other 6 participants were instructed to consume small portions of a doughnut in various ways such as visual only, then visual and olfactory, then gustatory, then consumption. Each participant were instructed to measure their initial blood glucose level using a blood glucose meter which was then followed by a ketone and glucose urine test to make sure that levels were normal. The urine test allowed participants to dip a Labstix strip into the urine for 30 seconds and compare final results to test for the presence of ketones or glucose. This procedure which was recorded as positive (+) or negative (-) was done before consumption of the products for all participants and then done again at the 60 minute interval for just the two participants consuming Coca Cola and water. For testing blood glucose levels, the designated testing area of the finger was wiped with alcohol wipes then it was pricked which led to a small drop of blood that was loaded onto the test strip and placed into the meter to read blood glucose levels. Each blood glucose level was recorded in mg/100 mL and repeated every 3, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. It was imperative that all the procedures were handled carefully by using proper safety gear such as gloves and was disposed of properly in a biohazard container since handling of blood was administered in this experiment. Results The presence of glucose and ketones that was found in the urine was obtained at the 0 and 60-minute marks showed consistent negative results of ketone in the urine at both times for all participants (Table 1). The blood glucose averages for participants were obtained at 0, 3, 30, 60, and 90-minute intervals (Table 2, Figure 1). Discussion Upon examining the average blood glucose levels that were obtained in this experiment, it has been determined that a possible cephalic phase response did occur on half of the subjects. In conclusion, it has been shown that foods that contain lots of sugars can cause a spike in blood glucose levels which can be followed by an immediate crash. If the individual does not participate in any sort of activity then the sugars that were consumed will be transported into the cells of the liver and stored as glycogen.
Data table 1 Well plate Contents Glucose concentration A 3 drops 5% sucrose + 3 drops distilled water Negative B 3 drops milk+3 drops distilled water Negative C 3 drops 5% sucrose +3 drops lactase Negative D 3 drops milk +3 drops lactase 15+ E 3 drops 20% glucose +3 drops distilled water 110 ++ Questions B. In this exercise, five reactions were performed. Of those reactions, two were negative controls and one was a positive control.
In this lab, I took two recordings of my heart using an electrocardiogram. An electrocardiogram, EKG pg. 628 Y and pg. 688 D, is a recording of the heart's electrical impulses, action potentials, going through the heart. The different phases of the EKG are referred to as waves; the P wave, QRS Complex, and the T wave. These waves each signify the different things that are occurring in the heart. For example, the P wave occurs when the sinoatrial (SA) node, aka the pacemaker, fires an action potential. This causes the atria, which is currently full of blood, to depolarize and to contract, aka atrial systole. The signal travels from the SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node during the P-Q segment of the EKG. The AV node purposefully delays
During the year 1889, two researchers, Joseph Von Mering and Oskar Minkowski, discovered the disease that is known today as diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the insulin levels (a hormone produced in unique cells called the islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas) in the bloodstream are irregular and therefore affect the way the body uses sugars, as well as other nutrients. Up until the 1920’s, it was known that being diagnosed with diabetes was a death sentence which usually affected “children and adults under 30.” Those who were diagnosed were usually very hungry and thirsty, which are two of the symptoms associated with diabetes. However, no matter how much they ate, their bodies wouldn’t be able to use the nutrients due to the lack of insulin.
This study observed the standard and routine metabolic rates and swimming activities of nurse sharks. Nurse sharks use buccal pumping to rest on the sea floor. This sedentary behavior had not yet been studied in relation to metabolic rates before this study. This study also is one of few that observed the effcts of temperature on metabolism in sharks. By assessing the relationship between routine metabolism and ecology, a more precise understanding of the nurse sharks daily energy requirements could be obtained.
This happens either through the removal of carbohydrates or by substituting low glycemic index carbohydrates for higher ones. In doing this the higher level of insulin will be reduced, for example high blood cholesterol levels will go down. To test the insulin and glycemic levels the energy bars contain the study had 20 healthy adult participants. They were split into groups receiving 1 of 5 test meals; 1 being low carbohydrates, 2) moderate carbohydrates, 3) high carbohydrates, 4) white bread, and 5) chicken breast. Chicken breast was the negative control since it contains no carbohydrates, whereas white bread was the positive control.
The purpose of a homeostatic system is to maintain steady/stable internal environment at a set point. Glucose is used as a major energy source by most cells in the human body. Cells break down glucose in order to produce ATP (energy), to carry out their cellular processes. Blood glucose concentration is maintained between 3.9-5.6 mmol/L-1. The reason behind this range is due to the fact that people of different ages and genders require different amounts of glucose in their blood to carry out different metabolic processes. For example, a growing teenage boy would require a higher blood glucose concentration in comparison to a middle aged women. Blood glucose concentration must be maintained between this set point range because anything above or below this can cause severe problems. If blood glucose concentration becomes too low the tissues in the body that solely rely on glucose as an energy source are greatly affected, as they need a constant supply of glucose in order to function adequately. These
Our body obtains the energy by digesting the carbohydrates into glucose. Volumes of glucose are required by the body to create ATP. ATP is short for 'Adenosine Triphosphate ' and is an energy carrier. When we consume too many carbohydrates our body produces a lot of glucose and as a result blood glucose levels rise and sometimes they may rise over the normal range of blood glucose concentration. To bring it back within the healthy range, the homeostatic system of blood glucose regulation is used. The blood flows through the pancreas where the beta cells, receptors, detect the high blood glucose level. To counteract this stimuli beta cells alert the control centre, which are also the beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The secretion of insulin has to be done quickly but can only be carried out when insulin gene is switched on. Turning on the insulin gene switch can take 30 minutes to an hour therefore, the production of insulin by beta cells are done in advance and are packaged in vesicles right until blood glucose rises. Glucose comes into the beta cell to trigger the vesicle that contains the insulin to move towards the plasma membrane and fuse. This releases the insulin into the bloodstream where they are distributed throughout the body and only affect specific target cells. The receptor, a protein, on the target cell’s plasma membrane recognises and connects
Insulin is a hormone produced by the B cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Under normal conditions, insulin is continuously released into the bloodstream in small pulsatile increments (a basal rate), with increased release (bolus) when food is ingested. The activity of released insulin lowers blood glucose and facilitates a stable, normal glucose range of approximately 70 to 120 mg/dl. The average amount of insulin secreted daily by and adult is approx. 40 to 50 U, or 0.6 U/kg of body weight.
In order for the body to maintain homeostatic levels of energy, blood glucose regulation is essential. Glucose is one of the body’s principal fuels. It is an energy-rich monosaccharide sugar that is broken down in our cells to produce adenosine triphosphate. In the small intestine, glucose is absorbed into the blood and travels to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The hepatocytes absorb much of the glucose and convert it into glycogen, an insoluble polymer of glucose. Glycogen, which is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles, can easily be reconverted into glucose when blood-glucose levels fall. All of the body’s cells need to make energy but most can use other fuels such as lipids. Neurons; however, rely almost exclusively on glucose for their energy. This is why the maintenance of blood-glucose levels is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system.
Insulin is a hormone in the body that is critical in many of the body’s functions. Insulin is a hormone made up of a small polypeptide protein that is secreted by the pancreas it affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Your body breaks these nutrients down into sugar molecules, amino acid molecules, and lipid molecules. The body can also store and reassemble these molecules into more complex forms. Insulin causes the storage of these nutrients. After eating a meal blood sugars rise rapidly especially after eating carbohydrates, this signals the release of insulin. Insulin binds to insulin receptors on the outside of cells to open up channels for glucose to move into the cell for storage by the means of GLUT-4 inside the cell. With insulin resistance the pancreas has to work harder to make up for the insulin resistance but as the resistance gets worse the pancreas can not keep up and blood glucose levels stay elevated. A major way to prevent type II diabetes and high blood glucose is to improve a patient’s insulin sensitivity.
The purpose of this experiment was to gather data on how the amount of time spent active impacts the speed of heart rate in beats per minute. The hypothesis stated that if the amount of time active is lengthened then the speed of the heart rate is expected to rise because when one is active, the cells of the body are using the oxygen quickly. The heart then needs to speed up in order to maintain homeostasis by rapidly providing oxygen to the working cells. The hypothesis is accepted because the data collected supports the initial prediction. There is a relationship between the amount of time spent active and the speed of heart rate: as the amount of time spent active rose, the data displayed that the speed that the heart was beating at had also increased. This relationship is visible in the data since the average resting heart rate was 79 beats per minutes, while the results show that the average heart rate after taking part in 30 seconds of activity had risen to 165 beats per minute, which is a significantly larger amount of beats per minute compared to the resting heart rate. Furthermore, the average heart rates after 10 and 20 seconds of activity were 124 and 152 beats per minute, and both of which are higher than the original average resting heartbeat of 79.
Insulin is essential in processing the simple carbohydrates in the blood, and turning these into expendable energy. Without the right amount of insulin, simple carbs (especially sugar) remain in the bloodstream, which increases blood sugar level – one of the main symptoms of diabetes.
Blood glucose levels are the measurement of glucose in an individual’s blood. This is important because glucose is the body’s main source of fuel and the brains only source of fuel. Without energy from glucose the cells would die. Glucose homeostasis is primarily controlled in the liver, muscle, and fat where it stored as glycogen. The pancreas is also a significant organ that deals with glucose. The pancreas helps regulate blood glucose levels. Alpha-islet and beta-islet pancreatic cells measure blood glucose levels and they also regulate hormone release. Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin. The body releases insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels to allow the glucose inside of cells and
AIM: - the aim of this experiment is to find out what the effects of exercise are on the heart rate. And to record these results in various formats. VARIABLES: - * Type of exercise * Duration of exercise * Intensity of exercise * Stage of respiration
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