Current birth control implants, antimicrobial nanoparticle coatings, and future of biodegradable implants
Clare Schmedes
First Year Seminar: Biomedical Implants
December 9th, 2014
Abstract
Birth control implants are becoming an increasingly popular method of birth control. They are preferred by some women over other contraceptive methods due to their extreme effectiveness, discreetness, fast reversibility, ability to be used while breastfeeding, and lack of medication to keep up with everyday. The implants first appeared in the 1960s and have since been improved upon to become smaller with less rods and longer lasting effectiveness. The newest and most popular models of the implant consist of an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer plastic
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The etonogestrel is a synthetic hormone that causes changes in the users cervical mucus and uterine lining, which makes it difficult for the sperm to reach the uterus as well as inhibiting the fertilized egg to attach to the uterus. Since the hormone is distributed intravenously, it is 100% bioavailable. Etonogestrel is metabolized by the liver through the enzyme CYP3A4 and has a half-life of about 25 hours. The body needs approximately 25-30 μg/day of etonogestrel to suppress ovulation. Figure 3 shows the release pattern of etonogestrel at hours and months after insertion and removal. The peak serum concentration is shown to occur a few weeks after insertion and Implanon release 35-45μg per day at the end of the first year after insertion. Following the end of the second year that range drops slightly, releasing about 30-40 μg per day and by the end of the third year the range declines to 25-30 μg per day, which is still within the range to suppress ovulation. This shows why the implant is recommended to prevent pregnancy for three years, but needs replacement after that time. Nexplanon follows the same release pattern and timeline. After removal, the amount of etonogestrel falls rapidly and is undetectable within one …show more content…
When bacterial adhesion comes before tissue integration the host defenses are not able to prevent further colonization due to the subsequent formation of a biofilm. This leaves a window of about 6 hours from implantation that determines whether or not the implant will successfully avoid bacterial adhesion. During this window of time the implant is especially vulnerable to surface colonization. If the surface colonizes than the biofilm that follows the bacteria will be very resistant to immune response and antibiotic treatments. The biofilm is typically what causes infection due to their toughness and resistance. However, a biofilm is only able to form if bacteria have adhered so preventing bacterial adhesion could in turn prevent the biofilm from forming
The concept of Osseointegration by Branemark has opened up limitless possibilities and rehabilitation to the extent of involving not only single tooth or multiple teeth but also various developmental deformities and also extensive damage of jaws following injuries and resection of tumors. Dental implants have a long history dating back to prehistoric people where in they have used this technology (Bobbio A. Maya 1973, Tapia JL et al 2002). Dr.Norman Goldberg and Dr.Aaron Gershkoff did research on the use of dental implants and published an article in Dental digest in 1949 and a text book on dental implants in the year 1957. In 1965 Branemark an anatomy professor was the first to place dental implants and later on manufactured implants and drills under the compony named Bofors. Since the introduction of implants in dentistry it has become an esthetic, functional restoration which as a long term predictability (Scheller H 1998).
... The advanced technology of surface modification in the biomedical sector have the ability to offer not an improvement in the tribological properties only but also to improve the clinical requirements prior and post implantation. Such properties includes cell growth and antibacterial effect.
Van Hoff MH, Hirasing RA, Kaptein MB, Koppenaal C, Voorhorst FJ, Schoemaker J, (1998). The use of oral contraceptives by adolescents for contraception, menstrual cycle problems or acne. Acta Obstetrics and Gynecol Scand, 77(9), 898-904
Prosthetics (pronounced prahs-THEH-tiks) is the branch of medicine that deals with the artificial replacement of a missing body part. A prosthesis (pronounced prahs-THEE-sis) is the general term for the artificial part itself that replaces the body part usually lost to disease or injury. Prosthetics has a long history, and recent design advances that use battery power and new lightweight composite materials are making prostheses better and easier to use.
Is it time to bring OCs over the counter?. (2010). Contraceptive Technology Update, 31(7), 77-
They chose this method because it’s known as the “fit and forget” birth control. This birth control is considered a LARC method (long-acting reversible contraception). LARC methods are more cost-effective than the pill and condoms. Since you put it in and forget about it they thought they had nothing to worry about because you don’t have to take a pill everyday, it’s cheaper, and you know that you wont get pregnant. They were wrong, they experienced some side effects that came with using the implant that they were not prepared for. That’s why 32.7% of women remove their implant within a
In recent years, the type of futuristic technology that we see in movies is finally coming to life through this idea of superhuman abilities in bionic limbs that use artificial intelligence. The new developments and breakthroughs in prosthetics, changed what we thought would only be fictional into reality.
Contraception, contragestion, (preventing the fertilized egg from implantation - morning-after-pill) and the chemical or surgical induction of abortion are all types of birth control routes to prevent or end pregnancy (“What”). Contraception is the devices, drugs, agents, sexual practices, or surgical procedures to prevent a pregnancy. Contraception tends to help a women decide if and when she would want to have a baby (“What”). There are around 17 different types of birth control methods. According to the article from Oxford there are three main categories of contraception. They are the barrier methods, intrauterine, and the hormonal methods (“Contraception”). They vary from a pill, patch, shot, an implant and a condom to name a few. The most common type of contraception for women is the birth control pill. This pill includes estrogen and progestin to stop the release of the egg and thin the lining of the uterus. If the contraception device is used correctly, only about 3 in every 1,000 women will beco...
Samuel A. Pasquale, M.D., and Jennifer Cadoff, The Birth Control Book: A Complete Guide to Your Contraceptive Options, New York: Ballantine Books, 1996
What is Artificial Implantation? Artificial Implantation or IUI is a technique used to help treat infertility in both men and women. In this procedure, sperm are inserted directly into a woman's cervix, fallopian tubes, or uterus. By doing this it makes it possible for pregnancy to occur where is was not able to before. Infertility in men can be caused by many factors including having few or no sperm, having too large of veins in the testicials, and other injuries or illnesses to the testicials and sperm. Infertility in women can be caused by heavy alcohol and drug use, smoking, age, environmental toxins, stress, poor diet, athletic training, being overweight, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and many health issues (Women’s). As a result of these factors both men and women in 1981 artificial implantation and other fertility techniques resulted in over 200,000 babies being born that year and the numbers have rapidly grown over the years (Infertility). The technique of Artificial Implantation is discussed according to the diverse moral values of others; furthermore, throughout Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, moral values are also questioned over creating a human from something other than sexual reproduction.
The most popular form of birth control is the pill. The reason for this is that it is said to be very effective against pregnancy if used correctly, it makes menstrual periods more regular and lighter, they decrease menstrual cramps and acne, makes you less likely to get ovarian and uterine cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and anemia, and last but not least, it doesn’t interrupt love making. Those are the good things about the pill. There are also a list of negative things: the pill doesn’t protect against S...
While the idea of human tracking has its share of benefits, there certainly are numerous pitfalls that also exist. While the ability to identify someone with an ID tag may have practical uses, the security and privacy issues could seem potentially alarming to some. Not only that, a closer look may show that the technology doesn’t necessarily offer very many advantages when considering the costs of nation-wide adoption of the technology. This paper will try to investigate into these issues, whilst attempt to come up with some solutions.
As the complexity and convenience of technology increases, some of the new advancements such as microchip implant for humans and animals can be very controversial. At first, the implants may seem to have benefits, but in the long run they will actually cause more trouble than they are worth. These potential "troublemakers" are about the size of an elongated grain of rice and are injected into the skin under the arm or hand (Feder, Zeller 15). The chip is not powered by a battery and there is nothing that can possibly leak out into the body (Posada-Swafford 8). An early form of this technology was used to monitor salmon and has been used for other wildlife research (Verhovek 5).
fertility drug and has resulted in the birth of twins about once in every twelve
There are a large variety of birth control options in the market these days. These options include the patch, the ring, and the shot. The shot, of the hormone progestin, is applied in the arm or buttock every 12 weeks to, prevent release of egg or, prevent fertilized egg from implanting in uterus. The patch a thin plastic places on the skin of the buttocks, stomach, upper outer arm, or upper torso once a week for three weeks in a row. The ring is a small, flexible hoop inserted deep into the vagina for three weeks in a row and taken out the fourth week. The Ring protects against pregnancy by releasing estrogen and progestin.