Biology of Mangroves
One of the most unique and least understood environments found in nature is that of the mangrove. This ecosystem is found at the junction between land and sea. Author, Loren Eiseley (1971) wrote vividly about his encounter with a mangrove forest in the book The Night Country:
A world like that is not really natural. Parts of it are neither land nor sea and so everything is moving from one element to anotherÖNothing stays put where it began because everything is constantly climbing in, or climbing out, of its unstable environment.
The actual word ëmangroveí can be used in two ways. It can refer to an individual species of plant or it can indicate a group or forest of plants that contains many species (Figure 1). To determine what constitutes a mangrove species many aspects are considered including: (1) air temperature within a certain range, (2) mud substrate, (3) protection, (4) salt water, (5) tidal range, (6) ocean currents and (7) shallow shores. To clarify, each of these aspects will be considered in turn. The best mangrove development has been found to occur only when the average air temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20 degrees Celsius and where the seasonal range does not exceed ten degrees. Most extensive mangroves are associated with muddy soils along deltaic coasts, in lagoons and along estuarine shorelines. In order for mangroves to survive a protected coastline is essential as mangrove communities cannot develop where high levels of wave action prevent the establishment of seedlings. In terms of salt water, there is increasing evidence that most mangroves have their optimal growth in the presence of some additional sodium chloride. The tidal range plays an important role in mangrove development. The greater the tidal range, the greater the vertical range available for the community. Also for a given tidal range, steep shores tend to have narrower mangrove zones than do gently sloping ones. Another aspect of mangrove communities is ocean current. The currents are essential since they act to disperse the mangrove propagules and distribute them along the coasts. The need for a shallow shore is the last major aspect of mangrove forests. This is apparent when considering that seedlings cannot become anchored in deep water and that the mangrove requires a large proportion of its body to be above the water (Hutchings and Saenger, 1987).
Mangrove forests are established in various regions of the world and one of the most prominent regions is the continent of Australia.
Banneker begins his letter by utilizing the word “sir,” which was repeated multiple times throughout the letter. He would start his entire paragraph with this word. By utilizing this repetition in his letter made sure that Jefferson is alerted and come to the realization of Banneker’s opposing viewpoint on slavery. Furthermore, Banneker included dictions such as “suffer,” “injustice”, “serious,” and “groaning.” This effectively enhances the issue of the horrible condition and treatment the slave received during late 1700s. In addition, these dictions helps conveys “how pitiable” that Jefferson didn’t entitles the rights given by nature to everyone when he is “fully convinced” by this belief. The
An instance of this is in the second paragraph where Banneker references the Constitution where it says "all men are created equal, and they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights.” He knows that Jefferson will have a hard time challenging the Constitution that he wrote himself, thus making this rhetorical strategy one of his most important to persuade him. Banneker also draws up memories of the recent American, connecting the role that the British held over the Colonies to the role that the white men held over the slaves. This allows Jefferson to identify and relate to the injustice that Banneker feels is held over the slaves. Finally, in the last paragraph, Banneker quotes Job from the Bible where he says “put your souls in their soul's stead.” Banneker knows that if Jefferson is going to challenge his country, he won’t challenge his religion or morals. This tests Jefferson’s own morals because he doesn’t want to contradict his own faith, making him more inclined to agree with
The Jacksonian Era, in the 1820’s and 1830’s, was a very critical period in American history. Many historians have different views on whether the Jacksonian Democrats, Andrew Jackson’s followers and supporters, were guardians of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty and the equality of economic opportunity. Although Jacksonian Democrats view themselves as guardians of all these, they were wrong about most of it. The Jacksonian Democrats did a good job protecting and expanding political democracy and protecting equalty of economic opportunity, but failed to be guardians of the constitution as well as individual liberty.
Along with his arguments of mental inferiority, Jefferson argues that blacks concede their inferiority through their submissiveness to the slave owners. This argument is met by Walkers’ appeal to the people for action. He states that, “unless we try to refute Mr. Jefferson’s arguments respecting us, we will only establish them” (Walker 18). It is an urgent call for action that urges not only blacks but other abolitionist, to stand up and fight against the stereotypes. He calls for black people to stop being submissive and to stand up for their rights. He also calls on blacks to not allow their oppression to hinder them from attaining as much knowledge as is reachable given their circumstances. He uses Jefferson’s demeaning statements to incite black people to rise up against the injustices being done to them. Through his derogatory statements towards black people, Jefferson, the champion of equality, is inadvertently giving Walker a means to inflame the fight in black people.
Jacksonian democracy was created during the antebellum America. The Jackson democrats made an attempt to grant power to the lower classes while decreasing the influence of the rich and potent. The Jacksonian democrats viewed themselves as saviors of the common people and ruled by the means of a powerful executive branch who attempted to destroy aristocracy in America. In reality, they were typically very wealthy, they disregarded the capability of the federal government, and they desired equality only for the white man. The Jacksonian’s view of themselves was pompous because of their political views, their animosity towards minorities, and their economic policies.
Holden is a little kid at heart and he wants to keep it that way. One thing that children do is ask questions like ‘why is the skye blue?’ Holden says to the cab driver “You know those ducks in that lagoon…. By any chance, do you happen to know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over?”(60). This is showing how innocent Holden is while in the book he usually acts like a crotchety old man. Holden talks about the ducks leaving. Every year they leave but, they always return. Holden has an issue with abandonment, this is why when ducks disappear he feels like he they left and are not returning. He is curious to know by saying “The ducks. Do y...
way. Just as there is a variety of animals there is a variety of ecosystems and each ecosystem is
During the year 1791 a man by the name of Benjamin Banneker wrote a letter to Thomas Jefferson, framer of the Declaration of Independence, addressing slavery. He wants to make his points valid in the overall thought to slavery. How it really is to human kind, as of if it is right, or if it is wrong. The purpose of this essay is to help give an understanding as to the reason Mr. Banneker wrote this letter in the first place, as well as help identify the main techniques used to make the argument.
This paper introduces the environmental concerns of the loss of coastal wetlands. The paper will discuss the significance of wetlands and the devastation that is occurring because of human activity. Wetlands are an essential element of our environment both ecological and societal; conservation will be essential for the preservation of these precious ecosystems.
Australia is home to the great barrier reef which is the world's largest coral reef system, and home to the kangaroo. Australia is the driest continent in the world. The outback is the part of Australia that few live in because it’s a vast desert (“Australia”). The great dividing range is a long chain of mountains that runs along the Pacific Coast of Australia (“Australia”). Australia is the driest inhabitable country in the world (“Australia”). The great barrier reef of Australia is the largest in the world (“Australia”). Australia is already a dry country and if the temperature rises anymore due to climate change than Australia could suffer from more severe forest fires and be doomed.
Butler,James N., et al. “The Bermuda Fisheries: a tragedy of the commons averted?” Environment Jan-Feb/1993/pg6+
The article Rebecca G. Nilsey studies the effects and concerns over the trees and climate change. The article talks about tree ranges shifting due to climate change and not just individual trees but on forests. It expresses concern over the problem and questions what will happen to specific tree species as the temperatures increase. This relates to the effects of climate change on Coral reefs because it shows that climate change does not only affect coral reef but can affect trees and like said in the article “Trees cope with stress in the only way they can—mature trees will start producing more seeds” just like coral reefs can cope with the stress of climate change by losing their zooxanthellae and become bleached.
Withgott, J., & Laposata, M. (2012). Essential environment: The science behind the stories. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
What is a tropical rain forest? A tropical rainforest is an ecosystem that is anywhere near the equator. These areas are located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. A tropical rainforests experience high average temperatures and high amounts of rain fall. Tropical rainforests are divided into three parts. The uppermost part is the canopy. This is the layer with the tallest tress. Trees in this climate can reach up to 240 feet (blueplanetbiomes.com). The next layer is the lower canopy. This layer is made up of the smaller tress. The last layer is the forest floor. This is made up of all the plants and bushes. You can find tropical rainforests in many parts of the world like Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and also on the Pacific, Caribbean, and Indian Ocean islands.
Withgott, J., & Brennan, S. (2011). Environment: the science behind the stories (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.