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Theories of personality chapter 2
Chapter eleven -- theories of personality
Chapter eleven -- theories of personality
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Personality is defined as the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character. Our personality has a huge influence on our enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors which influence how we adapt to our world. It’s how we define ourselves, and how others view you. Many psychologists have faced the challenge of trying to determine where our personality is derived from. Four main theories have been established on personality including psychodynamic, humanistic, trait, and social-cognitive. Using these theories, you can often better understand why people are the way that they are, such as Bill Cosby. Bill Cosby is an American actor, comedian, and producer who is associated with …show more content…
Social cognitive theory states that behavior and personality is mostly influenced by the person, their thinking, and their social context. People often learn certain behaviors through conditioning and imitation of others, creating a personality that is strongly influenced by something other than their self. Bandura also emphasized that in social cognitive theory, we focus on how we interact with our surrounding environment, rather than how the environment controls us which is better known as reciprocal determinism. Julian Rotter also created a theory about how we have a generalized disposition to believe that our rewards based on past experiences comes from our internal and external locus of control, often referred to as attributional style. Internal meaning that you are in charge of your fate, which creates a self bias, causing you to feel as if you are better than you actually are. Whereas external locus, your rewards are determined by outside forces, leading to learned helplessness because there is nothing you can do to control your fate. Bill Cosby relied solely on his external locus of control, for he doesn’t attempt to prevent his harsh behavior from being seen. However, his behavior expresses the idea that Cosby exists in a world of self bias, and thinks that he is better than he actually is, causing him to attempt to shape the environment to like him in that ideal way. Bill Cosby also may see himself as controlling or out of control , rather than being controlled by the environment, which helps explain why he might of felt the need to take advantage of
Personality is the individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. To me, personality means uniqueness. It is what sets us all apart from one another. Personality psychologist has coined five different traits into the Big Five. It consists of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Extraverts are people who are relatively sociable and outgoing while on the opposite end individuals who are introverts are people who would much rather enjoy the company of close friends and family. People who are high in agreeableness are more likely to be trustworthy. Those who are high in conscientiousness are goal-oriented. Individuals high in neuroticism
Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people.” Personality is characterized by many dimensions of a person’s overall being. The belief that personality stems from one origin is small minded and on many levels, unsupported. If the scope of personality is expanded, it suggests that there is not a single explanation determining a person’s personality and how it is formed. Personality Theories have been generated for centuries by individuals who desire to identify what distinguishes a person’s personality and how it affects their behaviors. What is it that comprises all the unique characteristics about a person?
Imagine, you just recently came down with a cold and you are feeling really sick. How did you end up getting sick in the first place, was it just due to random chance, or was it because you were stressed and not watching your health? According to Julian Rotter’s social learning theory, the two different mentalities people have about how much influence they themselves have on their life events can be categorized into two different groups. Those with internal control believe that they have control over their own behaviour and the subsequent outcomes. Conversely, those with external control more often tend to believe that outcomes are beyond their control.
Personality is a pattern of behaviour or thinking that is consistent across most situations and across times and which helps distinguish person from another. (Martin 126).
Attribution theory correlates with how people exemplify events and how it affects their behavior and thinking. People making casual explanations is known as attribution theory. It was established over time from different social psychologists, especially Fritz Heider who played a major role in producing the theory in 1958. Heider wrote about attribution theory in his book called The Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships. External attribution is when behavior is altered by influences outside of your control. Internal attribution is caused from an inside factor that falls within your control. Your behavior is not influenced and you feel responsible.
If you ask someone to define personality, you’d probably get many different answers. Like the answers you’d receive, our personality is also very vast. Everyone has a unique personality. Meaning the characteristics and qualities of oneself are different from person to person. Some argue that personalities are passed down from parent to child, but when you analyze both child and parent, you will notice differences between the two, proving that a person’s personality is unique to themselves. On the other hand, when you look at personality from a macro point of view, you will start to notice what are called personality traits. Evidence is accumulating which
Personality can be defined as the ways a person acts and thinks. The characteristics that make up how a person acts and thinks are called personality traits. Personality traits are the building blocks that make up a person’s personality, and the varied combination of traits is what make each person so unique.
Personality is a branch of scientific discipline that studies temperament and its variation among people. It is a dynamic and a set of characteristics possessed by their atmosphere, cognitions, emotions, motivations and behaviours in various things. Personality conjointly refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments and behaviour consistently exhibited over time that powerfully influences one’s exceptions, self-perceptions, values and attitudes. It also predicts human reactions to different folks, problems and stress.
Self-Control Theory takes a look at people’s failure to control their own actions. I will be taking an in-depth look at research that is related to self-control, similar to the last study by Armstrong and Boutwell that was examined for biological and socialization theory, but with a focus placed specifically on self-control. As previously seen learned in lecture 15, “self control theory assumes all individuals are born selfish and predisposed toward criminality if not controlled their theory breaks from social control theory by arguing that it’s the level of internal “self control” within an individual that determines whether or not the commit crime” the bases of these studies will revolve around this general definition, with some variance depending on the specified study’s interest. The two studies that focus on the theory of self-control are “Maternal versus adolescent reports of self-control: Implications for testing the general theory of crime.” and “Parenting, Self-Control, and Delinquency: Examining the Applicability of Gottfredson and Hirschi 's General Theory of Crime to South Korean Youth” by Youngoh Jo and Yan
Personality can affect many things in a person’s life. This includes how a person will react to a situation. One can attribute different personality traits to different dispositional or learning theories, such as linking the dehumanizing of a victim to social cognitive theory. One can make an association between interpersonal relational aspects and some of these theories. Personality is an aspect of the self that people often think about but most never truly contemplate the meaning or depth of personality.
Attribution is a process which helps people to classify the reason for others behaviour’s and similarly increase knowledge of their unchanging personalities and nature. Kelley's model of covariation is an attribution theory and it makes suggestions to enlighten how and why people behave in a certain way. It is disturbed by two major points, self-perception and social-perception (Kelley, 1973). Furthermore, the attribution theory contracts with in what way the social perceiver uses evidence to decide on fundamental explanations for events. Kelley also sub-divided the possible causes of an outcome, these included, the person (internal), external to distinguish the stimulus, or the circumstance. The theory correspondingly clarifies what information
Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson posited the self-control theory in 1990. It states that people commit crimes because they are not sufficiently restrained. In other words, people who lack self-control require social constraints to keep them from engaging in illegal activities. Emile Durkheim stated that men are creatures with unlimited desires, and external social constraints are necessary to prevent them from committing crimes (Jacqueline Lee, personal communication, April 26, 2016). Social constraints include conformity to the societal norms and social experience,
Over the years there have been many different approaches and theories of personality. The four major theories are psychodynamic, trait or five -factor model, humanistic, and social-cognitive. Although there are many strengths to these theories, there have also been some weaknesses about them as well. The first theory I will explain is the Humanistic Theory. This theory began in the early 1960’s and was mainly known be constructed and edited by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and
In 1966, Julian B. Rotter introduced the term Locus of Control to Psychology (Rotter 1966). Rotter developed the idea of Locus of Control by analyzing many studies that dealt with people’s reactions to reinforcements, rewards and gratifications and the causes of the differences thereof. He argues that people will react differently if they believe that the cause of the reward or punishment is caused by their own merits or faults, characteristics or behaviors, than if they believe that this outcome is due to external circumstances, independent of them. He named the former attitude internal control and the latter – external control. In general, he theorizes, that internal locus of control is linked to positive life outcomes, while possessing
The concept of personality underpins psychology’s attempt to identify our unique characters and to measure and understand differences between individuals. Personality describes aspects of behavior which are stable and enduring, and which distinguish the individual from others. Using the term personality in the way assumes that behavior does have stable features and does not change frequently and that those distinctive properties can somehow be measured.