Bernard Bolzano-Pedagogue
ABSTRACT: Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848), the famous logician and mathematician, worked from 1805-1819 as a religious professor at the Prague University. His studies focused on three main themes: (1) ethical education, including a rather liberal sexual education as well as the problems of the coexistence of Czechs and Germans in one country (with foresight into some of these matters before the rise of extreme nationalism); (2) social problems, where he formulated for the first time his social-utopian vision of human society based on the fundamental equality of people, ideas later gathered in his book, Von dem besten Staate; and (3) philosophy and religion, of which his lectures concentrate on the social function(s) of the Church and the social mission of the priesthood. Because of his opinions, he was disqualified from his professorship, resulting in a Church investigation against him. He was unable to return to the university, denied the right to publish in Austria, and relegated to live out his life as a private research worker. Bolzano's fate is similar to that of another pedagogue from Bohemia-Jan Patocka.
Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848), presently a logician and mathematician of international repute, worked from 1805-1819 as a theological professor at the Prague University. This post he received immediately after he ended his mathematics and theology studies. In this period he had already published his first scientific study Betrachtungen über einige Gegenstände der Elementargeometrie (A reflection on some elementary geometry questions), which was his final dissertation study. In the study Lebensbeschreibung des Dr. B. Bolzano (Biography of Dr. B. Bolzano), he remembers, that it was not easy to dec...
... middle of paper ...
...he pseudonym Charles Seasfield or the painter during the Biedermaier period - Frantiek Tkadlík. He also cultivated many less well-known teachers, priests, doctors and lawyers, who concentrated on spreading culture and improving the general public education.
Mostly through Bolzano, the future development of Czech education has been influenced by the Enlightenment. We can say it through the words of the Czech philosopher Jan Patoãka, whose life and status as a professor was very similar to Bolzano's: "Enlightenment, which does not only mean the intellectualism of man to things and the world, but the attempt to save man from enslavement, confusion and lies everywhere, where the intellect can save them entirely, not to ridicule with the depths of human existence - it is a part of the Czech destiny". (1)
Notes
Jan Patoãka: Our national program. Prague 1990. p.9
Laurent Clerc was born in LaBalme, France, on Dec. 26 1785. His father was Mayor of the town and the family could boast of a long line of magistrates in the Clerc lineage. At the age of one, the infant fell from a kitchen chair by accident into a nearby fireplace. He was burned on one side of his face and a fever left him totally deaf. He had uncle also named Laurent Clerc, who heard about the school for the deaf in Paris. When he was twelve years old, his uncle brought him to Paris and took him in the Royal Institution for the Deaf. In 1816, his eight year as a teacher, an event happened which changed the course of his life.
Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House (1879). Trans. Rolf Fjelde. Rpt. in Michael Meyer, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th edition. Boston & New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999. 1564-1612.
...ets in Heaven. In the story, the father’s “tough love” sometimes is very ugly indeed, but the “tough love” is still not the thing of anachronism in the real world. Overall, I feel that the adaptation illustrates a high fidelity to its inspiration, and the book gives the readers more details and the time to ponder while the movie gives the audience direct visual impression and easier storyline to adhere to. The both versions of “The Five People You Meet in Heave,” the novel and the movie, are mutually enriched, beneficial, and supplementary to each other, and are ultimately the quintessence of masterpieces selected carefully by our amiable professor, Tracy Virgil.
Born in Gotha, Germany in 1752, Blumenbach went on to Jena to study medicine. He completed his doctoral training at Gottingen in 1775. Just a year later, he was appointed as an extraordinary professor of medicine. His study of the history of man showing the value of using comparative anatomy and his classification of the five varieties of man were two important contributions made by Blumenbach (1911 Edition). He wasted no time in becoming one of the most influential members of the fields of comparative anatomy, zoology, physiology, anthropology, and craniology, in fact, Blumenbach is considered to be the founder of anthropology as well as craniology. In his construction of this new field of physical anthropology, he used the methods of natural historians, and applied those methods to the human species (Keith 106). Objectifying the study of mankind, Blumenbach collected numerous specimens from various races. Skulls, skin, hair and pictures were among the items collected. From each item, the location, as well as race of the item, was known and recorded. Prior to Blumenbach's systematized assortment of specimens, the only collections "consisted of miscellaneous oddities preserved in the 'cabinets' of noble houses, for the idle amusement of the curious." (Keith, 106). Blumenbach' s more complete collection allowed intensive study into the racial history of mankind, which is just what he wanted to do. Blumenbach was also the first to study the actual form of skulls (Retzius 283).
During the Age of enlightenment people began to reform society using reason, challenge ideas of tyranny and of the Roman Catholic Curch. People for the first time started advancing knowledge through the use of the scientific method. Enlightenment type thinking has had a huge impact on the culture, politics, and g...
The eighteen century was marked by the enlightenment values that radicalized through the entire nation. The Enlightenment brought forward the incentive of an individual to preserve in education and the raise of que...
In her leaving and the abandoning of her family and the memories that coincide with them, Nora was able to gain her freedom as an individual and was now in search for new responsibilities. We all have wanted to go out on our own and fulfill our responsibility to ourselves. However our need to find our individuality can lead to our downfall, or our success. In Ibsen's play, A Doll's House, an estranged wife, Nora Helmer; suffered to become an individual in her own right and took accountability for her actions to achieve her freedom.
In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, Nora Helmer is a traditional “angel in the house” she is a human being, but first and foremost a wife and a mother who is devoted to the care of her children, and the happiness of her husband. The play is influenced by the Victorian time period when the division of men and women was evident, and each gender had their own role to conform to. Ibsen’s views on these entrenched values is what lead to the A Doll’s House becoming so controversial as the main overarching theme of A Doll’s House is the fight for independence in an otherwise patriarchal society. This theme draws attention to how women are capable in their own rights, yet do not govern their own lives due to the lack of legal entitlement and independence. Although Ibsen’s play can be thought to focus on the theme of materialism vs. people, many critics argue that Ibsen challenges the traditional gender roles through his portrayal of Nora and Torvald. Throughout the play Nora faces an internal struggle for self-discovery, which Ibsen creates to show that women are not merely objects, but intelligent beings who form independent thoughts.
Paparazzi are photographers who repeatedly hunt celebrities, public figures and their families for a chance to photograph them in candid, unflattering and at times compromising moments (Valdes). The paparazzi are self-employed photographers who generally make their living by selling their images to gossip websites, television studios, and magazines (Many Paparazzi). As our cultures’ uncontrolled longing for celebrity snapshots grows, so do the prices of these photos and the risks the paparazzi will take to get them. The paparazzi work much like private detectives (Valdes). They will travel by train, plane, automobile, helicopter or speedboat to find their target (Schwarzenegger). Each paparazzo chooses a system of informers to keep tabs on celebrity targets. The paparazzi also work with autographers, who stalk celebrities, come up to them in public places and ask them for their autograph. They then make their earnings by selling the autographs to fans and resellers. In many cases, people who work for the star might be bribed to expose where their employer is (Valdes). The paparazzi have had a powerful amount of negative press against them because of incidental reports where they have violated the celebrity’s civil rights to privacy as well as some situations of assault (Many Paparazzi).
Education from the Church has initiated structural learning which brought a gradual end to the barbaric era (Dark Ages). The Church’s legacy gained them the medieval reputation of society and this has influenced the reputation of the Church today.
Unbalanced relationships in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House are shown through the symbolism of a doll. Characters in A Doll’s House live according to the assurance and pressure of society in the Victorian era. These unbalanced relationships shown through the symbolism of A Doll’s House is commonly displayed among the main characters, and minor characters, and can also be shown through social class. A Doll’s House is an empowering book that inspires women and educates men. The multiple “dolls” in A Doll’s House can connect to the audience on a personal level because there is a type of doll for
Auguste Comte was born in the late eighteenth century. His family was devout Catholic’s, and enforced their religion onto him as a young child. Comte is viewed as a Positivistic- Organic theorist, and is known as the ‘Father of Sociology’. When Comte became older he began to turn his back on Catholicism. He was heavily influenced by Henri Saint- Simon, and Adam Smith. After working with Saint- Simon they had a falling out. Comte was married for a short time and referred to his marriage as a “domestic anchorage” (Coser, 17).
Ibsen’s A Doll’s House was written in 1879 in a style of realism, which depicted life more truthfully without idealized literary elements. A Doll’s House conveys Ibsen’s concern for women’s rights. It portrays Nora, a woman who appeared as an ideal woman in the society doing activities such as creating a beautiful home and meeting the needs of her husband and children. From a dramatic event that broke her marriage, she finally realized the truth that she was a doll-like figure and left the house to seek her own identity.
‘It is from society and not from the individual that morality derives’ (Durkheim 1974: 61). According to Emile Durkheim ‘morality begins with the membership and life of a group…and that society creates all moral codes, not individuals’ (Durkheim 1974: 37). He stated that an individual cannot exist without society or deny it, without denying himself. Zygmunt Bauman however disagrees and believes morality is a pre-social impulse and therefore does not originate in society. In this essay I will first explore Durkheim’s theory of morality. I will then interrogate Durkheim’s claim that moral values come from society and are solely directed towards society by examining Bauman’s critique of his theory exemplified in ‘Modernity and the Holocaust’(Bauman 1989). Furthermore I will explore Bauman’s use of Weber as a form of advancement towards his critique of Durkhemian theory of morality and the ‘civilising process’. Lastly I will also explore Bauman’s change in ideas after writing ‘Modernity and the Holocaust’ by examining his new way of thinking exemplified in one of his most famous works ‘Liquid Modernity’. This essay will set out to challenge and evaluate critiques and conflicting theories from both Durkheim and Bauman as social theorists, and critically examine opposing ideologies.
Burton, D. (2011). The History of Mathematics: An Introduction. (Seventh Ed.) New York, NY. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.