Victimization
Part 1
On January 6, 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt made a speech to Congress; he states “We look forward to a world founded upon four essential freedoms. First is the freedom of speech and expression. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way. The third is freedom from want… The Fourth is freedom from fear.” What is victimology? What is a criminal victimization? Identifying and discussing the consequences of victimization and types of victims’ restitution and compensation. Also, understanding and identify the characteristics of spousal abuse, domestic violence, elderly abuse and maltreated children and as it relates to sexual, physical and emotional abuse. What are the benefits of victimization studies for victim prevention efforts? We will take a look what it means to be a victim.
According to the textbook, Victimization means to make someone or something a victim. It's the act of doing something to make a victim. This is what the offenders do to the person they are offending. It means any unnecessary singling out of an individual or group for subjection to crime, exploitation, tort, unfair treatment, or other wrong. The impact of crime on an individual victim, their loved ones, and their community depends on a variety of factors, but often crime victimization has significant emotional, psychological, physical, financial, and social consequences, according to National Institute of Justice.
Victimology is the study of the victims of crime and the psychological effects on them of their experience. Moreover, the ownership of a position, arise from real or imagined victimization, that seems to glorify and indulge the state of being a victim. According to Wayne Petherick, it includes the vic...
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http://www.city-data.com/crime/crime-San-Francisco-California.html
http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/4172/4273006/CJ440_Ch04.pdf
http://www.crimesolutions.gov/TopicDetails.aspx?ID=94
http://www.lawenforcementtoday.com/2012/04/26/national-crime-victims-rights-week/
Roberts, Chris. "SF Sees Highest Crime Rate since 2008." The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco Examiner, n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
Reed, Alan. "Robbery: The Use of Force and S. 8 Of The Theft Act 1968." Journal Of Criminal Law 76.4 (2012): 282-286. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 May 2014.
Gest, Ted, and Gordon Witkin. "Violence In America. (Cover Story)." U.S. News & World Report 116.2 (1994): 22. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 May 2014.
Meadows, Robert J. Understanding Violence and Victimization. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print.
The documentary "Valentine Road" connects with many ideas and topics that have been discussed in various theories, lectures, and book readings. This terrifying documentary shows the difficult lives of Brandon McInerney and Lawrence King. An unfortunate incident took place in Oxnard, where King has been shot and killed by McInerney. This entire incident was surrounded in controversy especially because of the fact that King was homosexual. There are quite a few ideas and topics of victimization that can be applied to both individuals, but some applicable ideas and concepts consist of identifying who the victims are and what consequences they suffered and also why, bullying, and criminological theories.
Generally, the study of crime mainly focused on the offender until quite recently. In fact, Shapland et al (1985) described the victim as ‘the forgotten man’ of the criminal justice system and ‘the non-person in the eyes of the professional participants’. A new perspective was brought with victimology, an expanding sub-discipline of crimin...
…many people now acquire "victimhood" through counseling. Being a "victim" draws sympathy. It explains the tragedies, the failures, the hardships, the health problems and the disappointments of life. It relieves people of some of life's natural burdens: dealing with complexity, facing things beyond their control, and accepting responsibility for decisions and actions.
"Leo Frank." Violence in America. Ed. Ronald Gottesman and Richard Maxwell Brown. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. U.S. History in Context. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
Victimization is what happens to a person as when another person deliberately harms them, assaults them physically, sexually or even mentally as well as if they purposely took their possessions or property without the other persons consent. People are victimized every day and all over the world. Violent acts happen to everyday people in their homes, at their work places or just about anywhere. These horrific acts are brought to our attention by the several different types of media outlets. But there are people who are subject to this type of violence that we do not hear about and they are inmates in our correctional facilities.
Victimology is the scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer from illegal activities. A common struggle Victimologists face is determining who the victim is. In general, crimes don 't have an “ideal victim”. The term ideal victims refer to someone who receives the most sympathy from society (Christie, 2016). An example of this would be a hardworking, honest man who on his way to work, had his wallet taken by force. Most people in society would have sympathy for him. He spent his life making an honest living to earn what he has and was a victim of a robbery. Victimologists study the interactions victims have with criminals, society, and the criminal justice system (Karmen, 2015). According to (Karmen, 2015)
When the victim does not fit the ideal victim attributes which society has familiarised themselves with, it can cause complications and confusion. Experts have noticed there is already a significant presence of victim blaming, especially for cases involving both genders. The fear of being blamed and rejected by the public is prominent in all victims. Victim blaming proclaims the victim also played a role in the crime by allowing the crime to occur through their actions (Kilmartin and Allison, 2017, p.21). Agarin (2014, p.173) underlines the problem of victim blaming is due to the mass of social problems and misconceptions within society. The offender can have “an edge in court of public opinion” if victim blaming exists, resulting in the prevention of the case accomplishing an effective deduction in court (Humphries, 2009, p.27). Thus, victims will become more reluctant to report offences because of their decrease in trust in the police and criminal justice system, leading to the dark figure of
1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. “Violent Crime: Crime Against a Person.” Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library.
They’ re basically victims of people that they already know because of their lifestyle such as frequent visits to the same clubs, the amount of alcohol consumption, and more (Shapiro & Maras, 2015). It is said that this people are victimized because of their demographics, they are bystanders, witnesses, and that a violent person becomes victim of violence (Shapiro & Maras, 2015). Shapiro and Maras (2015) indicated that a non-ideal victim can be due to miscarriages of justice, human trafficking, police brutality, and even victims with prior criminal records (Shapiro & Maras, 2015). Research says that if those individual are accepted as victims then society would be acknowledging that there is something wrong with the Criminal Justice system (Shapiro & Maras, 2015). This would include victims who have been assaulted or rape in prisons, victims of intimate partner relationships, rape, physical trauma, and victims in mental hospitals. One of the differences of the two victims is that the ideal victim is recognize by the criminal justice system and the other is not perceive as worthy or deserving of the status (Shapiro & Maras, 2015). One thing that needs to be further look into are children of domestic violence and their involvement with the criminal justice
Victimology is a scientific research and study with insights on the issues and patterns of victimization. These issues lead to inquiries regarding relationships of the parties, the vulnerabilities of the victim, and the attacker’s affect upon the victim and the other individuals that surrounded said victim. Understanding the relationships, the victim, the attacker, and the crime open up theories to patterns developed from such victimization. Moving through this process in preparing, equipping, and training for said crimes enhances
" Violence in America. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. U.S. History in Context. Web. The Web.
When discussing theories of crime, most turn to ideas of nature versus nurture. An important factor that is seemingly overlooked is that of previous victimisation, and how being a victim can correlate to an increased likelihood of offending in the future. Some victims of crimes vow to take their trauma and turn it into something positive and productive, while some may get stuck and find themselves in a vicious cycle of victimisation and perpetration. This phenomenon can commonly be seen in cases of violent crimes, where perpetration may be “habitual” or as a result of revenge-seeking attitudes. This essay will examine the relationship between victimisation and crime, citing violent crimes in particular.
Meadows, R.J. (2010) Understanding Violence and Victimization, 5th Edition, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.
Everyone has been impacted by crime victimization at some point in their life. While not all will experience first-hand victimization, the impact effects many people. Understanding a person’s past victimization will aid in determining their strengths and needs. The world we live in is not perfect, people are messy, everyone has a story, and it is our job as human service professionals to serve each client with a holistic approach. It is often said that human service professionals enter the field because their own past experiences led them to want to help others through traumatizing, victimizing experiences as they were helped.
Throughout history, civilians have been subject to the violence of war. The legality of targeting civilians has been especially scrutinized in recent history, but the issue has existed since the earliest tales of conflict. Although it may seem brutal to attack noncombatants, targeting civilians is an effective strategy, which can be understood by examining the role of civilians during war, the objectives of such a strategy, and cases stretching from the past to the present. During war, the line between noncombatants and combatants can easily become blurred. Civilians have long played a role in enabling their military, but modern times have seen the rise of total warfare.