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Merits and demerits of central bank
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The coins made in gold, silver and bronze were traded during Roman Empire and the shortage of coins created a barrier for money circulation. However with the establishment of paper money, a sophisticated banking, global clearing system and electronic money, the global financial system evolved with a worldwide framework of legal agreements. In the Global Financial market, foreign currencies issued by the world, countries are traded by the buyers and sellers using currency exchange rates. Now a day, it is very common practices of companies in one country to raise capital in a foreign country by listing their stocks on major foreign exchanges given the growth of equity markets are becoming more globalized (SNHU, 2015).
Belarus decides to abolish the currency trading restriction
The net values of Belarus imported goods and services from other countries exceeded its export of goods and service to other countries creating a large Current Account Deficit. The reason Belarus a former Soviet republic scraped the currency trading restriction is due to the fact its political leadership allowed the Belarus national currency ruble to depreciate as part of a strategy to reduce the current account deficit. The unification of the exchange rates will allow the currency market ability to function as before. The overheated economy under a loose monetary policy created this crisis and the difficulties will be overcome by abolishing the restriction on currency trading. The political promise of 50% increase in wages to the government workers have impacted with no real values other than buying foreign currency and goods. According to Arkhipov and Abelsky (2011), abolishing the currency trading restriction is necessary given the current practice of doin...
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...d lend less money. During such period the central bank pumps more money to the local economy which it already secured through the bailout money from Russia. Also, it does adjust its policy allowing Banks to keep lower capital, thus allowing more money available for lending and stimulate the economy. The central Bank also made higher ruble rates for those who have saved in dollars before devaluation of the currency and help those with Belarus rubles make purchases in dollars (Belarus scraps currency restrictions, 2011). The foreign businesses such as automobile industry have many vehicles on the lot, but needs additional foreign currency such as euro or dollar for procuring services and parts. The local Ruble needs to strengthen its values otherwise, many foreign and multinational companies will have to close its business due to lack of access to the foreign exchange.
Is the Cuban Embargo a cruel reminder of the Cold war, or is it an important factor of American Democracy fighting the spread of Communism? The Cuban Embargo was a declaration issued by American President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. The embargo was issued because of the threat that the Communist government of Cuba, led by Fidel Castro in 1959, had on American security, assets and democracy at the height of the Cold War. Some 1.8 billion worth of industrial assets were lost with Cuban communist nationalization. (Mr. D’Angelo personal interview) In support, constant influence of the Soviet Union during the early 1960s, particularly the time between 1961 and 1962, led to the creation of the embargo. In addition, the Soviet Union had planned to build a missile base on the island, which drove the Cold War to its height and made nuclear destruction a real possibility. Consequently, The Embargo called for total economic sanctions for Cuba and the institution of a blockade around the island, as shown by the seven-day stand off that followed the embargo with the USSR. Unfortunately, this blockade completely restricted any trade to foreign countries and even restricted travel to and from the island. The shattering of The USSR, or Soviet Union, should have called for the end of the embargo, but instead the federal government, in 1992, further restricted the embargo with the 1992 Cuba Democracy Act and the 1996 Helms-Burton Act. The Cuban Democracy Act was a bill presented by U.S. Congressman Robert Torricelli and passed in 1992, which prohibited foreign-based subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba, travel to Cuba by U.S citizens, and family remittances to Cuba (Lee). Most importantly, the Helms-Burton Act extended the territoria...
The Minister of Finance was Sergei Witte was conscious of the inadequate conditions the people of Russia lived under. As previously stated, there was an agricultural deficit and industrially, Russia was one of the “lowest among European nations and poor transportation and communication caused delays that hurt the economy.” Witte understood that Russia’s industrialization was vital; during Nicholas II’s reign he came up with a number of reforms such as protective tariffs on foreign goods, foreign investments, and also managed to put the Russian currency on the gold standard. Regrettably, the low wages, the high taxes and the agricultural deficit caused an immense opposition towards the
American international relations with Cuba have almost always been tense. The cold war solidified the growing negative relations, and the embargo embodied it. But now that the cold war is over, as is the Cuban missile crisis, we’re left to wonder if the embargo is really necessary. Should the United States lift the embargo of Cuba? All of the evidence, be it economic, diplomatic, or social, points to yes. We should lift the embargo.
Transnistria is still dependent on Russia both for the improvement of education as well as for the flow of new textbooks. However, concerning the medical infrastructure, this de facto state has to count on the help of others, but predominantly the aid of Russia is of key importance for them (Blakkisrud and Kolstø, 2013). The purchase of companies in Transnistria by Russia is seen as an investment from the economic and geopolitical point of view. The most effective and advantageous of all the factories owned by Russia in Transnistria is the Moldovan Steel Plant (Chamberlain-Creanga and Allin, 2010). Russia is also the main market for Transnistrian exports (Blakkisrud and Kolstø, 2013). The position of Russia in Transnistria enables the de facto state to run smoothly (Cantir and Kennedy,
The United States had a turbulent start in the year 1789, as a new, vulnerable nation, desperately trying to gain respect from foreign countries. The country’s first president, George Washington, was beginning to shape the foundation of the government, while facing large economic problems, both foreign and domestic. The Federal Government issued taxes on goods, causing much colonial unrest. Meanwhile, political party spirit became very prevalent as well as a geographical divide; the country was a long way from becoming as united and stable as it was in 1816. Although the Embargo Act hurt America’s foreign policy, domestic and foreign affairs from 1789 through 1816 beneficially impacted the United States because of the Louisiana Purchase and
Poverty is a huge problem facing Russia. In a country with such long traditions of statistical manipulation and hostility to the inquiries of the state, it is not easy to pin down the true extent of poverty in Russia. But there is little doubt that the picture is looking increasingly bleak. United Nations figures suggest that the purchasing power of average income in the USSR in 1987 was about $6,000 or 32 per cent of the level of the US (Andrew, "POVERTY: Bleak future for the poor"). By 1996, it was just $4,531 in adjusted terms, or 17 per cent of the US level (Andrew, "POVERTY: Bleak future for the poor"). Since the collapse of the Sovie...
Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources, a well, educated population, and diverse industrial base, continues to experience, formidable difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President Yeltsin's government has made substantial strides in converting to a market economy since launching its economic reform program in January 1992 by freeing nearly all prices, slashing defense spending, eliminating the old centralized distribution system, completing an ambitious voucher privatization program, establishing private financial institutions, and decentralizing trade. Russia, however, has made little progress in a number of key areas that are needed to provide a solid foundation for the transition to a market economy. Russia, spanning 11 time zones and serving as home to about 150 million people, possesses tremendous natural and human resources. Demand today for imported consumer goods, capital equipment, and services remains remarkably strong, with imports representing an unusually large percentage of the national market.
b) Assume that the foreign central banks neither buy nor sell Pecunian assets. How did the Pecunian central bank’s foreign reserves change in 1998? How would this official intervention show up in the balance of payments accounts of Pecunia?
...rts. The Argentine administration enacted pro-growth policies and avoided the drain of resources by controlling expenditures. Also, the government firmly negotiated the restructuring of the defaulted foreign debt. Argentina broke with the IMF in making important decisions regarding its economy recovery, despite the International Monetary Fund’s continued borrowing to Argentina during the late 1990s and early 2000s. In the next few years following 2003, Argentina managed to return to growth, as GDP increased foreign currency reserves increased. In the future, other less developed countries can learn from the Argentinean experience. In hindsight, the adherence to the fixed exchange rate system was maintained too long. Other countries should be wary before adopting such a currency board system, since this fixed rate could lead to an overvalued exchange rate.
This is a monetary policy which involves the government’s intervention to curb disorderly trends in the foreign currencies level. In case the quantity of a local currency goes down, the central bank uses the foreign currencies to buy its currency from the foreign economies. This ensures that the economy has ample home currency and thus enough money in circulation.
The theme of this essay outlines two things. One, the key elements of Bretton woods system and second, the characterisation of Bretton woods system by Ruggie as ‘embedded liberalism’, and how far he succeeds in it. The Bretton woods system is widely referred to the international monetary regime, which prevailed from the end of the World War 2 until the early 1970s. After the end of the World War 2, the need of international monetary framework to boost trade and economic; growth and stability, was important. Taking its name from the site of the 1944 conference, attended by all forty-four allied nations; the Bretton Woods system consisted of four key elements. First, to make a system in which each member nation has to fix or peg his currency exchange rate against the gold or U.S. dollar, as the key currency. Secondly, the free exchange of currencies between countries at the established and fixed exchange rate; plus or minus a one-percent margin. Thirdly, to create an institutional forum, so-called International Monetary Fund (IMF), for the international co-operation on money matters: to set up, stabilize, and watch over exchange rates. Fourth, to remove all the existing exchange controls limiting (protectionism) policies by the members, on the use of its currency for international trade. In practice the first scheme, as well as its later development and final demise, were directly dependent on the preferences and policies of its most powerful member, the United States. According to John Gerard Ruggie, 1982, this Bretton woods system of monetary co-operation represented the type of liberalism which characterise “domestic social economic stability along with a liberal trading order.” He referred this system as ‘embed...
International investing is something that many investors find that they can benefit from for many reasons. Two of the main reasons why investors choose to invest in foreign markets are growth and diversification. Growth allows investors the potential to take advantage of new opportunities in foreign emerging markets. International markets can potentially offer opportunities that might not be available in the United States. Diversification allows investors to spread out their risk to different markets and foreign companies other than those just in the United States allowing them to potentially create larger returns on their investment as well as reducing risks. (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2012) While investing internationally can be a very lucrative and rewarding decision, there are also extra risks involved with investing internationally. One of the main risks that international investors encounter is foreign exchange risk also known as currency risk. Currency risk is a financial risk that is created by contact with unforeseen changes in the exchange rate between two currencies. These changes can cause unpredictable gains or losses when profits from investments are converted from a foreign currency to the United Stated dollar. There are precautions that can be taken by investors to potentially lower their risk of currency value fluctuations and other risk factors that are present in international investing. (Gibley, 2012)
...global organizations, demographics and communities are responsible for the large success of the many crypto-currencies on the digital market today. From my discovery of crypto-currencies in late 2013, I have discovered a major trade community with the international population. The crypto-currencies are growing largely in size and popularity. I am concerned over the stability of crypto-currencies - many of types currencies have suffered major capital loss, decrease of market cap, theft, illegal trade etc.. These certain currencies could be a hazardous to deal with in the future. I believe trade and transaction of crypto-currencies should be encouraged on a local, national and global level. Although they have suffered major setbacks in the global economy, I maintain that crypto-currencies have a positive future and that they will undoubtedly affect the worlds economy.
Machiraju, H. R. , 2002. International Financial Markets And India. 1st ed. New Delhi: New Age International.
The foreign exchange market is one of important mechanism in the international business because foreign exchange is an intermediary for all nations in term of the growth of the economy. There are many functions of foreign exchange market in the global economy. In the international business, it uses the foreign exchange markets in four ways. First, the pay...