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Biology essays on structure of cell membrane
Cell membrane in physiology
Anatomy and physiology cell membrane
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Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine if temperature or a chemical has greater stress on beet cells, which would damage the membrane of the beet cell. The vacuole in a beet contains the red pigments (Nuffield, 2011). If the membranes are disordered, than the pigments can pass through the cellular wall (Nuffield, 2011). The hypothesis predicted for this lab was if the temperature was higher, than the more stress in the membrane because the colder something is the slower the process is. For the chemicals, acetone was predicted to have the most effect on the cell membrane because it has high acidity. The hand soap was set on having the least damage because it was the lowest acidity before water and it would be too strong
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because it has to go on the skin. Six pieces of beet were put into 6 different temperatures and another 5 pieces of beet were put into 5 different chemicals. Placing the beets into different substances and temperatures showed that each substance absorbed the color of the beet differently. It was concluded that the membrane was least damaged when put into freezer of lower temperature and most damaged when put into the highest temperature setting. For chemicals the least damage to the cell membrane was found when the beet was put in sodium chloride and the most damage was when out into the hand soap. Introduction A membrane is, “a lipid and protein bilayer, which covers all living cells, and most of their internal organelles” (“Cellular Membranes”, N/A).
The lipid bilayer is a boundary to hydraulic solutions (“Cellular Membranes”, N/A). They help keep the internal environment balanced regardless of the external conditions (“Cellular Membranes”, N/A). The red pigments from the beet is found in the vacuole (Nuffield, 2011). In the event that the membrane becomes disordered, the pigments of the beet can pass through the cellular wall which causes the red color when touching it (Nuffield, 2011).
This experiment determined what temperature and what type of chemical had the most effect on the membrane of a beet. It was hypothesized that if the beet was put in a higher temperature, then it would have harm the membrane therefore releasing the most pigment into the water, rather than a cooler temperature. This was predicted because when a substance or particle is placed in a cold temperature, the process slows down and when it out in a warmer temperature the process speeds up. For the different chemicals, it was hypothesized that when the beet was put in acetone, it would release the most pigments because it was the most acidic chemical; if it's strong enough to take off a chemical like nail polish then it would break the membrane of the beet. The hand soap was thought to have the least effect on the membrane of the beet because its acidity was a little higher
than water, which would have no effect on the membrane because water is a control. Materials and Methods The materials used in this lab were a beet, pipette, forceps, blade, cork borer, test tubes, a beaker, distilled water, sodium chloride, acetone, ethanol, SDS, handsoap, hot plate,and a spectrophotometer.
The data we gathered was tested to be as accurate as possible. Our prediction on the solvents did not support our data that we collected. The cause of this could be due to human error when washing the beets or the cutting of the beets. The beets were not perfectly cut the same size, so some beet pieces were bigger than others which can affect the final the final result. We followed each step and followed the time limits cautiously. I can say if we were to redo the experiment our results would be similar because we would attempt to do the experiment as close as we did the first
Catecholase is an enzyme formed by catechol and oxygen used to interlock oxygen at relative settings, and it is present in plants and crustaceans (Sanyal et. al, 2014). For example, in most fruits and vegetables, the bruised or exposed area of the pant becomes brown due to the reaction of catechol becoming oxidized and oxygen becoming reduced by gaining hydrogen to form water, which then creates a chain that is is the structural backbone of dark melanoid pigments (Helms et al., 1998). However, not all fruits and plants darken at the same rate. This leads to question the enzymatic strength of catecholase and how nearby surroundings affect its activity. The catecholase enzyme has an optimal temperature of approximately 40°C (Helms et al., 1998). Anything above that level would denature the tertiary or primary structure of the protein and cause it to be inoperable. At low temperatures, enzymes have a slower catalyzing rate. Enzymes also function under optimal pH level or else they will also denature, so an average quantity of ions, not too high or low, present within a solution could determine the efficiency of an enzyme (Helms et al., 1998). Also, if more enzymes were added to the concentration, the solution would have a more active sites available for substrates and allow the reaction rate to increase if excess substrate is present (Helms et al., 1998). However, if more
Investigation of the Concentration and the Effect of Sucrose on Osmosis in Apple and Potato Tissues
plasma membranes, meaning animals and plants contain lipids. In this paper I will display and
Experiment #3: The purpose of this experiment to test the chromatography of plant pigments the alcohol test strip test will be used.
For the preparation of Part 1, pieces were cut from the potato and were blended. The prepared suspensions were broken cells of the potato used as the extraction. The process of the suspension was the homogenization of the organism and later was centrifuged so that some of the substances reached the bottom (insoluble particles) and used the liquid as the enzyme(Schultz, 2006). The enzyme was brown colored known as the catechol oxidase, and that product can be used to measure the reaction rate using a spectrometer (Schultz, 2006). We started with twice the volume of the stock, so for the case of Part 1 was to begin with 6 ml of full strength enzyme. Two test tubes were used for the dilution. The first contained 5ml of buffered catechol and the
There are a number of examples of works done before the twentieth century in which experiments were conducted. However, Michael Tswett used column liquid chromatography in which the stationary phase was a solid adsorbent packed in a glass column and the mobile phase was a liquid. He conducted experiments on extracts of chlorophyll in gasoline oil over 100 adsorbents. Most of these adsorbents are now no more important. Interestingly, the list of the inclusion of materials such as silica, alumina, carbon, calcium carbonate, magnesia and sucrose are still in use. He also confirmed the identity of the fractions obtained by the spectrophotometry at different wavelengths thus anticipating the most common mode for in liquid chromatography. In 1910 Tswett obtained his Doctrate degree and his doctoral research paper was published as a monogram which once again demonstrated his ideas for further development and improvement. That monogram marked the end of his chromatographic work. This is not surprising, because he was a botanist and chromatography is only a means and not an end. Chromatographic techniques had been ignored until 1930. One of the few exceptions was the work of an American L.S. Palmer, who in 1930 published his work for the description of the separation af plant and other dairy pigments. There are several reasons for the lack of interest in chromatography , for the moment, the main thing is that it
Osmosis is a type of diffusion which is only applied on water and is a passive process which does not require an input of energy from the cell; this is because materials are moving with the concentration gradient. Osmosis is a process that occurs at a cellular level, which entails the spontaneous net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from a region of high to low water concentration, in order to equalise the level of water in each region. This form of diffusion takes place when the molecules in a high concentration are too large to move through the membrane. The term semi-permeable or selectively permeable means that some substances can easily pass through the cell membrane, whereas others cannot. The significance of osmosis to cells is great, since it is the osmotic pressure that maintains the shape of an animal cell and provides support in the plant cells. Many factors affect the rate of osmosis including size of particles and temperature however in this particular experiment the factor investigated is the concentration of sodium chloride. Tubes of potatoes will be used to demonstrate the fact...
I used Cheerios, distilled water, and a pestle and mortar. I ground the Cheerios until they had a fine, sand-like texture and consistency. I then added distilled water and mixed until I was left with a thin, runny solution, that was beige in color. Once I had the stock solution made, I was able to perform my first experiment, beginning with Benedict’s reagent. For this experiment I used a hot plate, beaker, and three test tubes, one labeled + (positive control), - (negative control), and Cheerios. Two milliliters of each solution was then added to the tubes they were labeled to go into. In this experiment, the positive control was a glucose solution. I then added two milliliters of Benedict’s reagent to each tube. Once a boiling bath had been made using water, the beaker, and the hot plate, each of the three test tubes were places, sitting upwards, into the boiling bath. A timer was set for three minutes, and I recorded the color
The effect of temperature on the beetroot membranes Aim of the research: The aim of this investigation is to determine what kind of effect will the increasing temperature have on the plasma membrane of a beetroot cell. Introduction The beetroot contains a red pigment that is kept in the cells by the membranes. If the membranes are damaged, the pigment “betalain” will leek out. The amount of pigment that leeks out can be assessed, as “betalain” will colour any water that surrounds the cell.
To investigate the amount of oxygen foam (cm) produced by the enzyme catalase when it breaks down hydrogen peroxide in the animal (liver, milk, honey) and plant cells(potato, purple cabbage) into oxygen and water
In a 100ml beaker 30mls of water was placed the temperature of the water was recorded. 1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate was added to the water and stirred until dissolved. The temperature was then recorded again. This was to see the difference between the initial temperature and the final temperature.
Water passes into cells through a special type of diffusion called osmosis. Water molecules diffuse through the membrane from a weak solution into a strong solution until the concentration is the same on both sides. A membrane that allows only certain molecules to pass through is called a semi-permeable membrane. In a plant, water passes from a weak cell sap solution to an adjoining cell with a stronger solution, as water passes in, the volume of the sap vacuole increases. When a full sap vacuole presses against the cell wall, it is said to be turgid. If water that is lost is not replaced the sap vacuole shrinks and pulls on the cell wall, the cell becomes flaccid; this is known as plasmolysis.
We took pictures of each other’s data once finished with the lab. For the paper chromatography, students began by grinding 5g of spinach along with 2g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Students added hexanes and acetone as specified by the lab protocols. Once, the solvent was a dark green color, we placed it in a centrifuge and transfer the liquid portion of the solution into a test tube. Throughout this portion of the experiment, students used weighting paper as a funnel poring the indicated solution as stated by the protocol, for instance pouring silica gel and sand into the column. After, we poured about 3ml of Hexanes into the column, making sure not to let the column dry. We then added, spinach extract to the column—after, we added about 1ml of hexanes. Adding hexanes caused the solution to gain a yellow colored band. We added hexanes until the yellow band reached the bottom of the column, thus began to collect all the yellow pigment into a test tube. Once the elutant become colorless, we once again placed a waste basket under it. Finally, we collected the green pigment into another test tube by a 70%/ 30% mixture and a bit of acetone. Once the two colored bands were collected, we obtained the wavelengths of each colored band using the
In my experiment I am testing which vegetable and pickling solution will increase the acidity in the solution most and have the most chemical change. To figure this out you need to consider some important factors. These factors are how acidity changes, chemical changes, and how acidity is measured. These factors really impact how we would measure and see the results.