Basic Elements of Robotics
What makes a robot? What is a robot? Well the term robot originally comes from Russia. A Czeck playwright, Karek Capek wrote a play in 1921 (translated in 1923) called "R.U.R.:Rossum's Universal Robots.". The word he adapted is the Czech word "robota" meaning "servitude" or "statute labour". Although the play, which was only run of the mill Science Fiction, faded into history, the word he used remain and now standard in most languages, and means generally the same everywhere. The word "Robot" can also be translated as mechanical slave. This same word has had many other words either linked or created because of it. Some examples are: "Android", "Droid", "'Bot", and "Robotics"
Issac Asimov is credited with `coining' the word robotics, which means the study of robots. He then formulated the famous "Three Laws of Robotics" which are:
1. A Robot may not harm a human or though inaction allow a human to come to harm
2. A Robot must obey commands given to it, except where they conflict with the First Law.
3. A Robot must maintain it’s own existence, except where it conflicts with the First or Second Law
However later, after feeling these to be insufficent he added a "Zeroth Law" which is: "A Robot may not harm humanity or through inaction allow humanity to come to harm". The revised laws of robotics is:
1. A Robot may not harm humanity or though inaction allow a humanity to come to harm
2. A Robot may not harm a human or though inaction allow a human to come to harm, except where it conflicts with the Zeroth Law
3. A Robot must obey commands given to it, except where they conflict with the Zeroth or First Law
4. A Robot must persevere it's own existence, except where it conflicts with the Zerot...
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... actual sensors take many shapes and forms. Generally the sensors used by robots are:
· Visual sensors
· Inertial, Acceleration and Heading sensors
· Range finding devices
· Force/torque, accelerometers, tactile sensors
· Sonar sensors
· Pan/tilt mechanisms
· Measuring linear motion
· Interfacing sensors
Actuators used in robotics is almost always a combination of different electro-mechanical devices. Sometimes robots use hydraulics, particularly in the car building industry. The electro-mechanical devices range from `muscle-wires' to inexpensive RC-servo and motors. There are several types of motors available including:
· Synchronous
· Stepper
· AC servo
· Brush less DC servo
· Brushed DC servo
These are then connected to cable, gears, axles, pulleys and alike to give the robot movement, and the ability to interact with it's environment.
to be more than robotic, there must be something not just unknown but still undecided”
First Law: A robot must never harm a human being or, through inaction, allow any human to come to harm.
In this paper, I will explore ethical issues to the artificial intelligence. In Wallach and Allen coauthored “Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong”, they explore on many theories and practical issues for AMAs. I will use this book to interpret Wallach and Allen’s ideas of ethical design.
In addition, “If we let it.” is a quite important point and concession on robot this issue. What we are thinking of about robots — the advantages and the disadvantages — all these things are under the circumstances of we human let these robots exist in our future. If we do not allow these robots enter our lives from now on, there will be no more concerns over this
The story is an adaptation of Asimov’s short story which warned about the future and about technology. It takes place in Chicago in 2035 and to this time robots are a part of the everyday life. There is no way one could imagine a life without robotics. The company who develop the robots, U.S.R., is about to bring out the new robots, NS-5. But the business is overshadowed by the suicide of the developer Alfred Lanning in the U.S.R. headquarters. Detective Spooner is convinced that it is a homicide and that the committer only could be a robot. But nobody believes him since there are the three laws of robotics which build a perfect cycle of protection. “1. A robot may ...
Robots are made out of metal, plastic, aluminum, gears, bolts, wheels, sensors, memory chips, and other gadgets.
According to functionalists, mental states are recognized by what they do as opposed to by what they are made of. Functionalism is the most well-known or got see among savants of philosophers and intellectual science. According to this theory anything that is not really and it is made up would also have desire and beliefs. In this case the robot was made to function and according this theory he has a desire and beliefs. For example I have two same hijab but made of two different materials for example one is made of cotton and the other one is made of polyester but the thing is the same.
In 2010, robots are very different from the expectations set in 1965. “The latest advances in technology have led to robots that look very much like humans but are mostly able to perform only limited functions.” (Bar-Cohen 12). Yoseph Bar-Cohen and David Hanson’s book ‘The Coming Robot Revolution” is very clear ab...
Nowadays, technology is a dominant feature in the lives of people around the world. Most of daily life activities involve the use of technology which is expanding every day through scientific innovations. However, such innovations do not always occur in every part of the world, but mostly in technologically developed countries, such as South Korea, the USA and Japan. Presently, the development of robotics science has become a subject of considerable attention in those countries. According to Weng, Chen and Sun (2009, 267), “Technocrats from many developed countries, especially Japan and South Korea, are preparing for the human–robot co-existence society that they believe will emerge by 2030.” The word “robot” was introduced in the beginning of 1920th by the Czech playwright Karel Capek from the Czech word “robota”, meaning “forced labor” (Robertson 2007, 373). According to Robertson (2007, 373), robot, in practical usage, can be defined as an autonomous or semiautonomous device that is used to perform its tasks either controlled by human, fractionally controlled and with human guidance or regardless of external actions that are performed by people. Regrettably, the majority of robots in the past centuries could not operate without human control and intervention. However, the progress in robotics over the past few decades enabled humanity to achieve soaring results in creation of autonomous humanoid robots.
Williams, Gray ?Robots and Automation.? The new book of popular science. Grolier Inc., 1996, 186-94.
Scientific progress makes huge milestones toward developing new advanced technologies which are more and more present in human lives. Today robots replace people in many spheres such as health care, security and military, industry, education, entertainment and science. Role of robots becomes more significant because they are able to do the job which people are not able to perform well. Sometimes people are too lazy to do some routine work, due to such situation those tasks could be delegated to machines. People’s life become more technology based what makes demand for efficient robots larger. Engineers say that today robots look like machines, but in near future robots will have more human appearance, today they do some simple job, but in near future much more complicated tasks would be trusted to them. History of robotics goes far to the history when the ancient Greeks describes first devices that people were projected to fly to the sky like birds. In fact, heart of any robot is some program that direct the device and control it actions. Robot cannot perform the tasks that was not programmed in it and this if the factor what makes it quite limited in its actions. Current studies in robotics are aimed to remove those disadvantages and make robots more functional and universal through development of artificial intelligence that can operate independently. Curiosity of world community to robotics increase every day what make all the research and inventions in robotics more demanded. History of robots, resent achievement and future perspectives of robotics have to be studies and researched to understand what machines can give to humanity and what pros and cons exist in the r...
Robots are machines that can do the work of a person and that work automatically or are controlled by a computer (Merriam-Webster, 2014). The Robot Institute of America (circa 1979) defines robots as “a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks” (Branwyn, G.). The Japanese Industrial Robot Association (JIRA) has classified robots based on the following: manually operated manipulators, sequential manipulators, programmable manipulators, numerically controlled robots, sensate robots, adaptive robots, smart robots, and intelligent mechatronic systems (Branwyn, G.). Robots have been improved over time and have proven to be efficient because the computer is controlling them. The history of robots goes as far back as the Ancient Greeks and Romans for the use of toys, tool...
7. Robots, Ethics & War. (n.d.). Center for Internet and Society. Retrieved November 10, 2013, from http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2010/12/robots-ethics-war
The term “robot” was first created by Josef Capek. It was used by his brother Karel Capek in his play Rossum’s Universal Robots. The word literally means “work” in Czech. The science fiction author Isaac Asimov was the first person to use the word “robotics” in his short story "Liar!"