There are two different types of worms or parasites that can affect animals, in relation to this report the focus will be on parasites that affect sheep. They are called endoparasites and ectoparasites. This report will predominately emphasise on the endoparasites, or the internal parasites. These endoparasites are divided into three categories; nematodes [or roundworms], cestodes, [or tapeworms] and trematodes [or flukes]. The parasites are broken into these groupings due to their structure. Internal parasites damage the health of sheep, causing significant production losses. This report will look in detail at the effects of Barbers Pole worm [Haemonchus contortus], an endoparasite that comes under the roundworm category [see figure 2]. Barbers Pole Worm is one of the most common endoparasites in south east Queensland as the environment is subtropical. They thrive in warm and moist environmental conditions, thus being abundant in Queensland. Haemonchus contortus requires these warm temperatures and moist conditions to enable eggs to hatch and larvae on pasture to effectively develop to the infective stage. These parasites can …show more content…
cause symptoms such as sudden death, scours, weight loss, and weakness. Anaemia and "bottle jaw" [see figure 1] involves the accumulation of fluid under the lower jaw and also is a sign of an infestation of H. contortus. These parasites can be controlled with the use of grazing management such as paddock rotation and chemical products such as drenches [see recommendations section]. Figure 1: The dotted line shows where the average sheep jawline should be. Below that is swelling from an infestation of Barber’s Pole Worm. Figure 2: Barber’s Pole Worm. Worm Egg Count Introduction: Faecal egg counts are used to determine how many eggs a sheep has [or an average for a herd]. This type of testing is usually done in a laboratory by a vet, however in this experiment the results obtained in class will be compared to that of the vet. It is important to conduct this experiment as without it, it would be unknown the urgency of drenching that is needed for the animals. Aim: To find roughly the quantitative amount of eggs per gram of faeces. Materials: • 3 pellets of sheep faeces • 31g salt solution • Mixing utensil [spoon, piece of plastic, etc] • Beaker [with measuring scale on the side] • Microscope • Slides • 100ml water • Pipette • Cover slip • Scales • Tweezers Method: 1. Measure out 100ml of water and pour it into the beaker. 2. Measure out 31g of salt and pour that into the beaker with the water. 3. Stir the water and salt combination until the salt is fully dissolved into the water. 4. Get 3 pellets of sheep faeces and add that to the salt solution. 5. Squish and breakup the pieces of poo until it is mixed in with the salt solution and there are no pieces. 6. Leave the mixture for 5 minutes so the eggs have time to float to the top of the mixture. 7. Get the tweezers and pick up a coverslip and touch the top of the solution with the coverslip. 8. Place on a slide [preferably a McMaster slide] and put under the microscope. 9. Try to find the number of eggs per gram by using the following equation: Number of eggs in scanned area × Volume of flotation solution + faeces sample (g) Volume of faeces sample × Measurement volume Results Epg [school found for R2] = 6.2 × 100+2 2×0.0375 = 8432 Sheep Identification In class results [epg] Vet results [epg] Y4 3284 P 438 R2 8432 12936 G 63 Ram 0 Table 1: epg – school results vs vet results. Mean Median Range 3344 438 0-12936 Table 2: Vet measures of mean, median and range of all the sheep tested. Experimental errors: Was the top salt solution the place with the most eggs? The concentration of eggs may not be equal over the entire beaker so therefore the egg count will be incorrect. The solution was left for 30min not 5min. All the sheep were not checked by the school for worms and also they were not checked after they were drenched. Graph 1: Comparison of epg found [vet vs school] Note that the school only measured results for R2. Discussion In class, the only experiment that was conducted was that of R2. As seen in the table above [see table 1] the results obtained in class were significantly less than those the vet found. This may be due to the vet having better or more advanced and specialised equipment. If the experiment were to be done again, it would probably be worthwhile to follow the directions closely. For example, the first time the school obtained results they were incorrect as the wrong formula was used to find the final value. Also, the salt solution was left for thirty minutes instead of five. This is a significant error as if the salt solution is left too long, the eggs may have sunk back to the bottom of the beaker instead of staying on the top. Also, relating to the last error, the students looking for the eggs were not professionals [like the vet] and had not been trained to spot eggs. During the first trail the faeces were also collected from the ground and not directly for the anus, thus it is unclear how old the faeces were and if the eggs/worms had already moved onto the pasture Another potential error is that as the coverslip was dunked into the beaker, the eggs could have been all pushed to the other side of the glass. To elaborate, the amount of eggs probably was not consistent throughout the top of the beaker. This means that the coverslip that was meant to pick up as many eggs as possible may have only picked up a minority of the eggs, therefore affecting the results significantly. Although the school made many experimental errors during this experiment, R2’s egg count as found by the vet is extremely high compared to that of the other sheep and ram. The reason for this is unknown as all the sheep were in the same pasture and are all around the same age. So this statistic was an anomaly on the vets part. As endoparasites thrive in moist and warm conditions, sheep raised on wet pastures usually have large parasite loads, especially in Queensland, so having ways to control them is a necessity. The key to controlling Barber’s Pole is to recognise when these conditions are and then use strategically apply drenches and pasture management to keep the lifecycle of the worms from gaining momentum [see more in the evaluation and recommendations section]. Conclusion Overall, the experiment on the schools behalf was very ineffective the first time. This is because the right techniques and formulas were not used to obtain the worm egg count. However, after it was discovered that the method in which the school was using was incorrect, the results were much more realistic. Although they were not the same as the vet results, it was not very far off. If this experiment was to be done again, it would be worth-while to find the correct method the first time as well as using the right formula for optimal results and less confusion. Evaluation and Recommendations As Barber’s Pole Worms can multiply quite quickly and lay large numbers of eggs each day, they rapidly contaminate pastures and can have serious effects when not controlled properly.
Farmers have many different methods of protecting their sheep, for example, drenching and four paddock rotation. Drenching is when the farmers forcibly administer a drug orally to the sheep in order to kill the larvae and adult worms inside the animal. This is somewhat effective as it kills the majority of worms and eggs inside the animal. This method, however, can become ineffective if the same brand of drench is used to often. This is because the worms that survive the drench the first time are immune/resistant to it the second time it is used, much like when a person gets a shot for a disease so that when they get it the next time they won’t get as
sick. The resistance of worms to drenches is a genetic trait. The number and type of resistance genes are dependent on what drenches the parental worms are immune to. These resistance genes arise by mutation. Therefore, the resistant individuals have a much larger chance of surviving the drench and passing on these favourable genes to their offspring. As a result of this trait, if farmers are using the same drench on their sheep for a long period of time, resistant worms become more and more common until the drench becomes almost ineffective. Four paddock rotation [see figure 2 below] involves switching between paddocks every two weeks to ensure that the worm larvae that is on or been transferred to a paddock die before the animals return to that paddock to begin grazing again. This is an effective means of protecting animals against the worms, however, takes much more space and effort that most people and farmer would want to put in or have. Another method for controlling worms in sheep is the sheep’s genetics. To elaborate, if the farmer breeds the sheep’s resistance by having a ram that has a very low epg mate with the ewes it would be expected that the offspring have the same favourable trait. As shown in the results table, this is what the school has done. It is evident that although the ewes have many worms, the ram has none, indicating a stronger immune system. Sheep that are resilient to worms can grow and produce with less worrying effects from the worms. Overall, Barber’s Pole worm is an extremely common parasite in Queensland that significantly effects sheep. It can be combated in a variety of ways such as selective breeding, paddock rotation and drench. Although all these methods are somewhat effective, the way of handling the situation is dependent on the individual farmer needs.
Dr. Nagami had multiple reasons for writing the Woman with a Worm in Her Head. I think that she intended to educate the reader about many things. She wanted to highlight the background of the deadly diseases that she has encountered. She also wants to explain the limits of modern medicine. I also think that she wanted to put a human face on the patients that she encounters on a daily basis. She also was trying to explain how combating diseases like this and her profession as a medical doctor affected her.
The meningeal worm is also known as the brain worm, or the deer worm. It frequently infects llamas and alpacas, but can infect other species as well like moose, elk, goats, and sheep. The meningeal worm is an internal parasite that is a part of the protostrongylidae family with the definitive host being the common white tailed deer. Even though they are the host, adult meningeal worms rarely cause clinical signs of disease in the deer. The white tail deer’s tolerance to infection from these worms is actually beneficial to the parasite because the white tail deer are the only species that will allow the worm to complete their life cycle. So alpacas and llamas are unsuitable hosts and that is why the meningeal worm is such a threat to them. It can cause varying degrees of damage to their central nervous system. “The cerebrospinal fluid tap is especially useful for diagnosing meningeal worm and ruling out other diseases.” (Whitehead, Bedenice 2009.) Ruling out other diseases helps to narrow down what could be ...
This is not the first time or even the first animal to have become a problem. Other problem animals such as the feral hogs, Norwegian rats and the German cockroach’s’ are examples of what happens when a problem goes untreated or under treated. In 2011, the Department of the Interi...
Oftentimes, people can recall at least one song they know that is undoubtedly catchy because of its repetitive nature. That song can become a nuisance, when it will not leave your mind. When a melody gets stuck in your head, sometimes it could take a whole day to forget the tune. A certain tune can be stuck in your brain for many years! In Oliver Sacks’ passage, “Brainworms, Sticky Music, and Catchy Tunes”, he talks about “earworms”, or a pathological repetition. Sacks uses patterns of development to inform the modern reader about the dark side of music.
Normally, cows in Northern Europe in places such as Denmark live normal lives simply grazing on grass, and existing. However, there have been recent changes that have disrupted this normal activity. Generally the bluetongue virus (spread by Culicoides imicola, a biting midge) has been confined to Southern Europe and other places around the Mediterranean. But with the increase in temperature throughout the area, the midge has been allowed to migrate northward. This new pest is a nuisance and causes lots of difficulties to farmers in the area. When a cow contracts this disease, they usually also receive oral ulcers, salivation, stiffness, fever and eventually the inevitable- death (Merck Veterinary Manual NP). Because of the increase in temperature, midges have spread around the globe infecting livestock and creating terrible trouble for many farmers.
Dogs infected with Canine Heartworm Disease can have from 1 to 250 worms living in them for 5 to 7 years. The organs us...
Ever wonder what kind of parasites are in your water, or how they can enter in to your body to make you very sick? Well it is most definite that no on want to get sick. The information found in this paper was collected over the past month, either by going to the library or by accessing information off the Internet at home, almost every night. The point that will be given to you is a little in information about the infectious disease called Schistosomiasis. The points the main points will be the causative agents, symptoms, hosts, methods of transmission and history of the disease. So lets see what Schistosomiasis is.
Visser, Nick. "After Fears Of Antibiotic Resistance, 25 Drug Companies To Phase Out Use In Livestock." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 May 2014. .
This disgusting worm parasite is spread by flies and mosquitoes. The adult worm spreads its larvae throughout the host’s lymphatic system and causes the lymph nodes to become clogged up. This also makes the tissue in the host’s body to swell up and create massive muscle deformations, otherwise known as elephantiasis. The elephantiasis mainly affects the legs and genitals. The disease also affects the eyes but that can be easily detected through close inspection but it commonly causes river blindness in the host. It’s been estimated that the parasite is one of the leading causes of blindness throughout the world.
Canine Heartworm Disease -. 01 Jan. 2014. Web. The Web. The Web.
Mao Dun, author of "Spring Silkworms", was a twentieth century Chinese novelist, critic, organizer, editor, and advocate for Chinese Communism. According to David Wang, Mao Dun was one of the most versatile Chinese literati among the May Fourth generation. Mao Dun was an advocate and practitioner of European naturalism. Motivated by history and politics, Mao Dun has introduced western literary ideas to China in his novels. As a left wing writer Mao Dun focuses on the peasant's point of view and relies on his depiction of reality to evoke change. A good example of this style of writing is the story "Spring Silkworms".
However, health concerned organizations want to ban the use of these products due to the increasing fears that they can cause harm to the consumers. For over 50 years, antibiotics have been added to the food of animals such as poultry, cattle and pigs. The main purpose for doing so is to lower the risk of disease in animals. Farm animals are housed together in overcrowded areas, which are very dirty. The hygiene level can get to such a poor state that they are often in contact with their own excreta as well as excreta of the other animals they are housed with and because of tight single air space they share, the likelihood of catching diseases from one another is further increased and very often a whole heard can be infected at one time.
The stages in a typical jelly life history are adult, gametes, planula, scyphistoma , strobila , and ephyra. Moon Jellies reproduce sexually and asexually. The adult Moon Jelly reproduces sexually by releasing eggs, and then the sperm over the eggs. Jellyfish can be either male or female so one jellyfish can reproduce entirely on its own (gametes). Once fertilized the eggs develop into small, ciliated planula larvae. The larvae look for a safe protected place to nest and to continue to grow safely. They will stay there until they enter the polyp stage (scyphistoma). Once the scyphistoma has reached a certain growth stage they will begin to elongate and look like they are growing away from its base. This is when they will enter the strobili
2015). Trichinellosis is also known as trichinosis, it’s caused by eating raw or uncooked pork and wild game infected with the larvae of the parasitic worm. Thes worms can turn into tapeworms also (Axe, 2017, July 21). What infects this meat is called the Trichinella spiralis they are what starts the process of infecting the meat pork that everyone loves so much! Tapeworms along with many other worms or pesticides that have been found in pork have the ability to infect any organ in the host once infected. Pig is not only unhealthy to eat but for much religious reason pork mustn't be touched or consumed.
Gregorio Samsa, un joven viajante de comercio, tenía una vida monótona y difícil porque él tenía, sobre sus hombros, toda la carga de recientes dificultades económicas a las cuales se enfrentaba su familia, por la quiebra del negocio de su padre. Un día se vio afectado por un evento sobrenatural e inexplicable: se había convertido en un insecto. Desde ese momento nada iba a ser igual.