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Strengths and weaknesses of operant conditioning
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Burrhus Frederic Skinner, or widely known as B.F was born on March 20, 1904. Skinner knew Psychology was for him when he read some books by Isaac Pavlov and John B. Watson, and he enrolled at Harvard University. He also introduced some new ideas to psychology. Skinner psychological experiments, though most were on animals, changed the way people study psychology today.
Operant conditioning started with B.F. Skinner. However, Skinner’s operant conditioning came from Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect Theory, which states that “behavior is determined by the consequences associated with the good or bad behavior.” Skinner associated the term reinforcement with Operant Conditioning because he believed that reinforcement would strengthen a behavior. (McLeod, 2007) Skinner came up with this theory through his various experiments with animals.
One of Skinner’s famous experiments that tested his Operant conditioning theory was the Skinner box. He used this box to record the times the rat pressed the lever, but the rat would not automatically press the lever. In order to shape the rat’s behavior, Skinner had to use food as a positive reinforcement to encourage the rat to press the lever. Eventually, Skinner added a shock to see how the rat would behave. The rats soon learned that if they pressed the lever the shock would not be delivered. (McLeod) This type of experiment that Skinner performed is called negative reinforcement. It is called negative reinforcement because the shock is supposed to increase the chances of the rats pushing the lever.
Then, Skinner conducted another experiment to see if the rats could stop the shock from happening. In this experiment, Skinner warned the rats of the shock by shinning a light; though it...
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... math problem. Skinner’s contribution to psychology changed the way people view development, and it also allowed his theories to be upgraded.
Works Cited
Fodor, JA; Bever, TG; & Garrett, MF. (1975) The Psychology of Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics and Generative Grammar. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Retrieved September 10, 2013, www3.niu.edu/acad/psy/Mills/History/2003/cogrev_skinner.htm.
Greengrass, M. (2004). 100 Years of B.F. Skinner. American Psychological Association, 35(3),
80. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/mar04/skinner.aspx.
McLeod, S. A. (2007). B.F. Skinner- Operant Conditioning. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html. Vargas, J.S. (2005). A Brief Biography of B.F. Skinner. B.F. Skinner Foundation. Retrieved f
http://www.bfskinner.org/bfskinner/AboutSkinner.html.
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
However, all of the participants continued to administer up to three-hundred volts. These were everyday “normal” people that functioned successfully in society. Slater had the opportunity to interview one of the participants of Milgram’s experiment, one which happened to follow through with the shocks all the way to the very last one. During the interview the participant stated, “You thought you were really giving shocks, and nothing can take away from you the knowledge of how you acted” (Slater, 59). These words came from the mouth of an “average joe” that never knew what he was capable of before the experiment. With these words, we are reminded that we are not as “nice” as we’d like to think we
He took an environmental approach to the study. His method was the use of the operant conditioning box also known as Skinner box helped understand different behaviors that occurred during different environments. He stimulated a system of rewards and punishments and reinforcements. When the pigeon or rat received a reward, the animal performed the behavior more often and when it received a punishment, it performed the behavior less. He first tested positive reinforcement which he made rats press a lever for food. It encouraged the rat to perform more of the behavior. He also used negative reinforcement which added an uncomfortable stimulus. He placed an electric current in the box. The rats learn to avoid it. They even learned to stop when he turned on the light indicating the circuit will soon turn on. This behavior was known as Avoidance or Escape Learning. Both positive and negative reinforcements encourage good behavior. He also used punishment. Unlike the reinforcements, punishments were used to discourage unwanted behaviors rather than promote good behavior. It was performed by adding an unfavorable stimuli or removing the rewarding stimuli. When the rat was punished, its unwanted behavior decreased. When Skinner, removed the punishment, the bad behavior returned. He placed a hungry rat. The rat would pull the lever for food, but no food would come out. The rat later stopped pulling it learning it had no purpose. He studied that the more the rat pulled the lever, the higher the probability that the rat will quit pulling it; he developed an equation known as response and extinction rate. Response rate, the domain, is that rate of how hard a person performed an action and extinction rate, the range, is the rate that the person performed the action less and less. As the response rate increase, so this extinction rate. He used a token economy, a type of positive reinforcement, which a person was given a “token” which can be
From the textbook, “Third Edition Psychology from Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White, it is stated that Thorndike was one of the first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of learning voluntary response, although the field was not yet called operant conditioning. He tested laws by using a hungry cat for an experiment. He placed this cat in a “puzzle box” where the only escape was the lever that was also within the box. Thorndike also placed food outside the box as motivation for the cat to escape the box. He observed how the cat explored around the box, pushing and rubbing up against the walls in an effort to escape. The cat eventually pushed the lever on accident, opening the exit to the box. The cat however, did not learn to push the lever to escape. The experiment was repeated in many trials in different formats of boxes, but with the same tool for escape. The cat spent less time to push the lever through each trial. From this research, he developed the law of effect, which states if an action is followed y a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner was born on March 20, 1904, and raised in the small town of Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. As a child, Skinner established an interest in building and inventing things. As he attended Hamilton College, B.F. Skinner developed a great passion for writing, attempting to become a writer. He did not succeed so therefore, inspired by the writings of Watson and Pavlov, two years later, Skinner decided to attend Harvard University to study psychology.
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F. Skinner, was one of the most respected and influential psychologists in the twentieth century. Growing up in a rural area in Pennsylvania with around two thousand people, Skinner, along with his brother Edward, were forced to use their imagination to keep themselves entertained. At a young age, Skinner liked school. Once he graduated, he attended Hamilton College in New York where he received a B.A. in English literature. After receiving his degree he attended Harvard where he would receive his Ph.D. and invent the “Skinner Box”, and begin his experimental science in studying behavior. He called his study, “radical” behaviorism. After college, he would marry, and have two children. In 1990, he met his fate when he was diagnosed, and ultimately died from leukemia.
B. F. Skinner died in 1990. He is stilled looked upon today as one of the most influential behaviorailists. His work is still studied and revered for it's genius. Skinner was an independent thinker who studied everyone, including himself.
Psychologist B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 and passed away August 18, 1990. Raised in a small town in Pennsylvania by his father William who was a lawyer and his mother Grace. Skinner had a younger brother who he watched die at age sixteen due to cerebral hemorrhage. He attended Hamilton College in New York with plans of becoming a writer. After graduating with his B.A. in English literature he attended Harvard University. Here Skinner invented his prototype for the Skinner box. After Graduating he tried to write a novel which unsuccessfully failed. After his studies in psychology he then developed his own idea on behaviorism. Skinner then received a Ph.D. from Harvard and was a researcher there until 1936. He went on to teach at the University of Minnesota and later at Indiana University. Skinner then returned to Harvard as a professor in 1948 and remained teaching there for the remainder of his life. Skinner married in 1936 to Yvonne Blue they had two daughters, Julie and Deborah. Skinner was awarded a lifetime achievement award by the American Psychological Association a few days before he died.
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner, an American behavioral psychologist, is best known for his experiments on changing behavior. With behavioral psychologists Pavlov and Watson as his inspiration, Skinner formulated his theory of operational conditioning. His idea of “shaping” behavior is prevalent in the parenting and teaching techniques of children and students.
he was born in Susquehanna, a small railroad town in the hills of Pennsylvania just below Birmingham, New York. he attended Hamilton college and Moved back home to bcome a writer.he wrote a dozen short newspaper articles and a few models of sailing ships. Escaping to New York City for a few months,B.F Skinner worked as a bookstore clerk,when he happened upon books by Pavlov and Watson. He found them impressive and exciting and wanted to learn more. He continued to read of the prior psychologists and posed the question is behavior related to experimental conditions.(b.f foundation) Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning. Skinner 's theory of operant conditioning was based on the work of Thorndike (1905). Edward Thorndike studied learning in animals using a puzzle box to propose the theory known as the 'Law of Effect '. The famous "Cats in a puzzle box." When the cats chose a trial-and-error response that permitted them to escape the box and obtain satisfying food, those responses became "stamped in". Conclusion: Behavior is controlled by its consequences (Thorndike 's Law of Effect").Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect - Reinforcement. Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to
Operant conditioning is something that is learned as a response by being rewarded and by having consequences. Operant conditioning was first created by Edward L. Thorndike (Bernstein, 2016). Thorndike studied how people and animals have the ability to solve problems, behavior, and intelligence. Thorndike would place a cat in a maze and watch it learn how to get out. It was a slow process but the cat eventually learned and continued to do the same thing to exit the maze, which psychologist now call law of effect. A few decades later another man by the name of B. F. Skinner extended Thorndike’s ideas. Skinner tested his ideas and thoughts on rats. Much like Thorndike’s cat, Skinner would put his rats in a box and watch as the rats tried to solve how to get to a prize at the end. As Thorndike used a maze, Skinner’s rats had to pull a lever to be able to reach the treat. Together these two psychologists explained how we learn with operant conditioning and through experiences. An example of operant conditioning would be what we all have heard from either our parents or grandparents, “If your do not eat all of your food then you do not get any dessert”. While we were young we hated this rule and thought that maybe our parents would forget about this rule later that night and we would get a dessert anyways. It took a couple of times for us to learn that, unfortunately was not the case. This is operant conditioning
Skinner kept on writing throughout his life and published many more books. He acted professionally throughout all of the misinterpretations of his work. Skinner was diagnosed with leukemia in 1958 and on April 18, 1990 Skinner passed away from Leukemia. That same day he finished writing the article from his talk at the American Psychological Association ten days beforehand. Skinner left behind a legacy and is still known today as one of the greatest psychologists the world has seen.
What is Skinner’s Operant Conditioning? Skinner was the first to discuss operant conditioning. McLead (2007) explained that an operant condition means that using reinforcements given after a desired response could change behavior. There were three types of responses that can follow the behavior. Neutral operants, reinforces, and punishers were the three types of responses. According to McLead (2007), Skinner invented a box with levers and lights to test his theory. He placed a hungry rat inside where the rat learned to press the levels for different responses. One level would give it a piece of food and the rat would not receive food when the light was off. This box demonstrated the shaping of behaviors through operant conditioning.
Skinner designed an experiment to test operant conditioning, known as a ‘Skinner box’ (Gross 2005). In the box, animals, such as rats, would be conditioned into certain behaviour. For example, by pressing a lever to receive food (Gross 2005).