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Strategies teaching autistic children pdf
Observing children with autism
Social interaction deficit of a child with autism
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In the second phase, the child was led through the same steps in the first phase, but the communicator teacher was now trying to move further away, therefore promoting the initiation of the child to make a move to try to grab the card to get the reinforcement object or food by handing the card immediately to the communicator teacher (Odluyurt, Aldemir & Kapan, 2016). The object of the exercise was to lead the autistic child to understanding that if the autistic child responded to the communicator teacher cues, the autistic child would then be reinforced or rewarded with the favorite object or food (Odluyurt, Aldemir & Kapan, 2016). As the first child performed the required action, the paired child was encouraged to observe as the implementer …show more content…
Finally, the parents were interviewed to determine the opinions of the mothers and fathers whose children were still available to contact in terms of social validity, the parents all expressed gratitude for the effective education and training of independent communicative initiation and maintenance skills that had been provided for the autistic children through the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) execution (Odluyurt, Aldemir & Kapan, …show more content…
In fact, the graph compared the baseline to the post-training assessment, observational learning assessment, full probe and maintenance sessions (Odluyurt, Aldemir & Kapan, 2016). In addition, on the graph, the circle signified training sessions while an X denoted observational learning sessions (Odluyurt, Aldemir & Kapan, 2016). The results of the study showed that with 100% accuracy that the observer autistic children increased independent communicative initiation and maintenance skills while the same skills were being taught during the first and second phases of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) to the partner autistic children (Odluyurt, Aldemir & Kapan, 2016). At the end of the research, the results indicated that the pairs learned independent communicative initiation and maintenance skills that were also taught to the observational partner with a 100% accuracy rate (Odluyurt, Aldemir & Kapan, 2016). Comparatively, Deniz completed a total of nine sessions with six in the first phase and six in the second phase of the study, Huseyin completed a total of ten sessions with seven sessions in the first phase and three sessions in the second phase, and Kerim completed a total of eleven sessions with the first phase completed in seven
Incidental teaching focuses on child-initiated interactions. (Hall, 2013) Incidental teaching is used to increase skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. (Hall, 2013) A study done by Hart and Risley (1975) looked at the incidental teaching process used at the preschool age to aide in teaching language. Incidental teaching has been the most frequent strategy that has been used to teach language. When using incidental teaching a child’s request may be verbal or nonverbal. Examples include reaching for an object that is out of one’s reach, requesting food or a toy or calling an adult’s name. There is a series of decisions that an adult can use to respond to the child’s request. These choices include: if the occasion should be used for incidental teaching: if so then a choice regarding the language behavior that is obtained from the child, and then a choice has to be made concerning the cue that will be used to initiate instruction, the cur could be focus of attention by itself, or in addition to the focused attention a verbal cue as well. If the individual does not respond to the cue, then a choice concerning the degree of prompt to be used, the “fullest degree: a request for imitation; medium degree: a request for partial imitation, or minimal degree: a request for the terminal language behavior.” (Hart & Risley, 1975) This study was performed on boys and girls between the ages of four years old to five years old. The baseline procedures ensured that the children had a variety of vocabulary for use in sentences. The sentences that they were taught was “I want x so I can y.” The second step of the procedure was the use of incidental teaching of compound sentences directed to teachers. After thirty-six days of school, the incidental teaching began to occur when the children needed assistance in trying to get different preschool materials.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder that affects a person’s social interaction and communication. This disorder is mainly characterized by having difficulty with social interaction, communication, and having restricted behaviors. Difficulty with social interaction means someone will struggle to communicate their feelings/emotions, understand how others feel or think, develop peer relationships, and understand nonverbal behaviors (eye gaze, facial expressions, etc). Difficulty with communication will vary among the individual. Some individuals will develop expressive language, while others will not. The speech of those that do develop expressive language will often be repetitive, rote, and lack meaning. They may struggle with turn taking in conversation and topic maintenance. Those individuals who do not develop expressive language typically do not use other modalities to communicate, like pointing or gestures. The last characteristic of the autistic spectrum disorder is having repetitive behaviors or activities. Typically children on the spectrum will play with their toys in an unusual manner, or may prefer only one toy, movie, or activity. Changes in daily schedule are hard for children on the spectrum to adapt to; usually these children like the same daily schedule. Bass, Duchowny, and Llabre (2009) state, “It is possible that animal-assisted activities provide a multisensory environment that will prove beneficial to children with profound social and communication deficits.”
The results that she gained showed that using PECS as a way for improving communication skills is beneficial. Children who were now able to make sentence strips “I want” plus desired object, are also able to use concepts such as color, size, and number. After doing this experiment, many reports from parents were receive saying how it is much easier to communicate with their children. Also, some comments were received from teachers indicating how autistic children have improved in their ability to take part in classroom
Since Leo Kanner’s initial description of autism in 1943, research has made great strides in developing scientifically based interventions to treat autism. There are many treatments for autism, however, children continue to face communication impairments, where they struggle with speech and language development (Simpson, 2005). Although there are many effective interventions, studies suggest that when treatment is intensive, continuous and targeted directed towards the child, better outcomes are generated, in contrast to an eclectic model, where a variety of approaches are implemented (Howard, 2005). The implications of this line of research are great, as they suggest that when implementing interventions, careful considerations must be taken in assuring that children are receiving quality intervention, rather than a high quantity of interventions. In light of these results, research suggests that using Pivotal Response Treatment with embedded social interactions in motivational components, question asking, and orienting cues are effective approaches in increasing verbal acquisition in children with autism.
Autistic children have been analyzed for correct mainstreaming involves a gradual and supported procedure with encouragement and supervision years, and with the proper supervision and education aids, have been found to succeed in regular education classes. Because of the opportunity to develop social interaction skills, as well as the need to stay on the right educational pace, mainstreaming autistic children into regular learning environments with the use of special aids is the best option.
Social interaction is considered a core deficit in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Due to impairments in social interactions, children with ASD fail to develop peer relationships and share enjoyment and interests (Ashbaugh, Bradshaw, K.Koegel, & L. Koegel, 2014). Difficulty engaging with others may persist throughout the lifespan; therefore it is crucial to identify these underdeveloped social behaviors and to target early intervention. In regard to intervention strategies, Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) has been proved to be an effective, efficacious and naturalistic intervention for communication and social functioning of children with ASD derived from applied behavioral analysis (ABA). An important component of PRT is motivational strategies which emphasizes natural reinforcement. Reinforcers that are logically related to the outcome of a behavior have been shown to be more effective than unrelated reinforcers in teaching tasks. For example, a child opening the lid of a container with an edible reinforcer inside (i.e. cookie) is more effective than a child opening the lid of a container then receiving an edible reinforcer after. By implementing PRT, children with autism will strengthen the response-reinforcer relationship thus encourages their social communication.
Luiselli, James K. "Verbal Language and Communication." Teaching and Behavior Support for Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Practitioner's Guide. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.
The use of the picture exchange communication system, as shown by the studies above, can be an extremely effective tool for teaching children with autism social and communicative behaviors. However, PECS is only effective when it is implemented correctly; teachers should be aware of the amount of time that teaching this system will require. The picture exchange communication system is one of many visual support systems that can be implemented to support student learning, both in the special education and general education classroom. Individual student characteristics, as always, should be taken into consideration when choosing a visual support system.
Systems of AAC include both high-tech and low-tech methods. High-tech methods consist of electronic devices such as the Apple iPad or iPod. Low-tech methods consist of non-electronic systems such as a Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) or manual signing. Different types of AAC systems give educators the option to choose the best method of AAC for each individual child. When choosing the best method of AAC, educators must consider the severity of autism, the individual characteristics, and capabilities of each child. The type of AAC method or device educators select for the child may depend on the school system and the cost of the device. Multiple research studies have investigated allowing children with autism to choose an AAC system or device (Son, Sigafoos, O’Reilly, & Lancioni, 2006; Van der Meer et al., 2012; Van der Meer et al., 2013). Son et al., (2006) Van der Meer et al., (2012) and Van der Meer et al., (2013) examined if allowing the child with autism to choose an AAC system had a positive outcome on communication. Selecting an AAC system for a child with autism takes time and consideration of each individual child’s abilities.
Wainer, Allison L. "The use of innovative computer technology for teaching social communication to individuals with autism spectrum disorders". Research in autism spectrum disorders , 5 (1), p. 96.
Cody is an eight-year-old boy diagnosed with autism. Cody tends to perseverant on things that are dangerous. He often verbalizes “glass is dangerous, it cuts your eye, call 211, go to the hospital.” Cody also tends to stare off into space and is socially inappropriate.
One of the most difficult things teachers will face when dealing with Autistic children is their lack of communication skills and inappropriate or nonexistent social skills. In addition to academic instruction children with Autism require instruction in communication techniques and social skills. Kamps et.al. says “A key to accommodating students with autism in public school settings is the provision of social and behavioral programming to develop meaningful participation with nondisabled persons” (p.174).
...so In this experiment they showed how both verbal and nonverbal communication can be used at the same time. This part of the experiment is where the mistakes started to happen. The children with autism had a lower ability to use gestures that related to whet they are saying. This makes it very difficult to understand for the receiver since you are getting to different messages at the same Time. For this experiment they had a sample group of children with and without autism from age 6-12 (So, Lui, Wong, and Sit, 2015).
tried giving him a drink or some food in the hope that she had guessed
In 2010, Flippin, Reszka and Watson determined the effectiveness of the picture exchange communication system on the communication and speech for children with autism and spectrum disorders. The Picture Exchange Communication System or PECS refers to the pictorial communication-training program that is designed for young children with autism or social-communicative deficits. It is a manualized program for teaching children to use an exchange-based communication system. For example, PECS helps a child with autism to enhance communication by using a picture of his or her desired item. The picture of his or her desired item will then be given to the communicative partner in exchange for that physical item. In this approach, the children are taught