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Socio economic effects of unemployment on individual
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Australian Labour Market
Australian’s lifestyles and living conditions can are significantly affected by the levels of unemployment and employment. A labour market is a place in which personnel and employees interact with each other, in this situation the establishments will seek to hire the best workers, who aim to complete a trade to the standards set by those employing them. Labour markets can be established by three basic conditions, these are, stronger market, weaker market and ideal market conditions.
If there is enlarged demand for labour by firms and large organizations, the market conditions will get stronger. This can be understood through unemployment rates, of which Australia is currently around 5.7 percent and reasonably stable.
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This is displayed when there is an escalation in the duration of unemployment, as there are less jobs available for a growing amount of people looking for work. For men the median amount of time spend unemployed was seventeen weeks, whereas for women it was fourteen weeks. The incidence of this unemployment, which is a measurement of unemployment in different industries and geographical areas The most common issue for male work hopefuls when searching for employment is that there are too many applicants, around 14 percent have faced this issue. However, for those aged fifteen to nineteen the biggest difficulty when finding work is no job vacancies. Unlike those over fourth five who have been told that they are too old. The incidence of this unemployment, which is a measurement of unemployment in different industries and geographical areas. Youth unemployment has reached a distressing level of 13.5 percent, with currently 300,000 persons aged 15-24 being unemployed. Only around 4 percent people over the age of twenty five are unemployed, this is a strong figure and implies that there is job availability for people within this age bracket. Surprisingly however, the rate of unemployment of for people over forty five is slightly less at around 3.6 percent. This lack of employment is more prominent in rural areas of which there are less available jobs, along with those being
Low demand in the goods market would mean low overall output, and therefore low demand for labour, over the last 20 years, demand has raised overall hence demand deficient unemployment will reduce. During times of recession there is very little output and not many people are needed in the workforce. This leads to high unemployment levels. This situation arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when there was a recession.
The labor market entails the relations between the demand for labor, in one hand, and labor supply, on the other hand. Labor demand is defined by the amount of labor firms demand in order to produce certain amount of goods and services. Labor supply refers to the productive segment of the population that is determined by the size of the population. Within the labor market, workers can be classified as either economically active (the employed and the unemployed) or economically active. The employed encompasses people in paid employment or in self employment while the unemployed refers to people who are not working but have actively been looking for job and are willing to start work immediately. A person is classified as economically inactive if they are neither looking for work nor are they ready to start work. The labor force participation and the unemployment rate are major indicators of the health of an economy. This paper will compare the economies of the United Kingdom and Germany as well as their labor market (Shimer 2010).
It is currently increasing in incidence at an alarming rate. Unemployment among young people is increasing predominantly as a result of youth receiving inadequate preparation for the job market and a largely ignored discrimination against youth in the job market. In order to minimize levels of youth unemployment, the education system and current workforce practices need to be analyzed and modified. The education system should be modified so that its degrees and more in line with jobs that are actually available and offer more job experience opportunities. The workforce practices should be modified so that discrimination against youth is minimized as much as possible. This can be achieved through invoking a higher rate of jobs awarded through meritocracy and reducing the amount of informal hiring. It is only after the integration of many of these concepts that youth unemployment levels will decrease. This will be a step towards a world with less inequality and unemployment, a step towards a better
The health of a labour market can be judged by levels of unemployment and changes in wage growth. Both of these issues come into play when The Australian Financial Review reports that the Australian labour market has tightened over the past twelve months and comments on predictions for the coming year.
Our society is structured according to already predetermined dimensions. Especially significant is gender. Our gender is an element that can not only define differences but also create advantages and disadvantages (unequal society 148). It therefore becomes essential to consider what gender refers to. Gender is best defined as a way of classifying people based on socially agreed distinctions that are associated with male and female anatomy (gender history 153). Gender differentiation is evident in all societies and in particular in Australia with men and women seen to take on different social roles (gender 384). This has resulted in a significantly unequal spread of life chances (gender 384). Thus creating a category of analysis that inequalities flow from (gender history 154). Differences in opportunity between men and women therefore become evident. This historically established prejudice against women. However, the women’s liberation movement in the 1960’s and 1970’s broke barriers with women gaining more power in respect to education and employment (gender 383). Despite such breakthroughs, elements of gender inequality can still be seen in Australian society. This is interesting as most Australian’s have an assumption that we are an egalitarian society that does not encourage injustice and believes everyone should have a ‘fair go’ (collective identity 167). Through the exploration of the Australian labour force and harassment, violence and discrimination towards women we can see that gender equality is growing, but still evident, in Australian society.
The BBC news reveals that young people are in danger of being trapped in a lifetime of unemployment. ONS (Office for National Statistics) disclose some intimidating figures which include 115,000 18 year olds to 24 year olds unemployed for longer than two years.
I INTRODUCTION Labour law in Australia has evolved from the traditional system of compulsory arbitration into a system of federal legislated minimum employment standards aimed at providing a ‘safety net’ to protect the vulnerable employees in our society. Governments have implemented various mechanisms to protect the weak and redress the imbalance of power to ensure employees voices are heard within workplace relationships. The radical political changes under the Howard Government created perhaps the most revolutionary alteration to Australian industrial relations attacking tradition ideals of compulsory arbitration.
Unemployment is a macroeconomic factor that is pertinent to an extensive economy at a regional level. Therefore it affects a large population rather than a few select individuals. Unemployment does not only have social costs, but economic costs too. The ILO, International Labour organization, defines unemployment as, ''People of working age, who are without work, but available for work and actively seeking employment.'' Therefore implying that it is a state of an individual looking for a job but not having one. Unemployment is one of the key indicators in determining the economic stability of a country; hence governments, businesses and consumers closely monitor it. There are numerous aspects that might lead to unemployment such as labour market conflicts and recessions in the economy. There are two main types of unemployment, which can be focused on, seasonal and cyclical unemployment. Seasonal unemployment occurs when a person is unemployed or their profession is not in demand during a particular season. On the contrary, cyclical unemployment occurs when there is less demand for goods and services in the market so consequently supply needs to be decreased.
Government policy environment – a desire to reduce unemployment and make the economy attractive to inward investment as a source of employment and long-term growth
People need money to purchase all kinds of goods and services they needed every day and sometimes, for goods or services they desire to own. To fulfill that, they have the essential need to earn money. In order to earn money, they must work in either in fields related to their interests or to their qualifications. However, people will meet different challenges during their jobs-hunting sessions, such as many candidates competing for a job vacancy; salaries offered are lower than expected salaries and economic crisis or down which causes unemployment. Unemployment is what we will be looking into in this report. Dwidedi (2010) stated that unemployment is defined as not much job vacancies are available to fulfill the amount of people who want to work and can work according to the current pay they can get for a job they chose to work as. There are four major types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical and seasonal unemployment.
Analysis of the labor market in the economy reveals a reduction in vacancies while the number of job seekers significantly increases over the past few decades (Dickerson, 2008, p.1). Particularly, the youth employment looks worrying with a serious downward trend with so many of them unemployed. The numbers of free people who are full educated or trained have also decreased. The unemployed in the economy are either inactive or unemployed. The annual changes continue to show a rise in unemployment of young people both for student and others. With lack of government employment as well as training programs, many individuals opt to seek for self-employment (Dickerson, 2008, p.1). Statistic continues to show that there has been an increase of workless people in comparison to the vacancies available. The general picture, therefore, remains that labor market constantly fails to meet the needs of people regarding employment. Although this is the case, there has been some variation across regions with Scotland and Wales in the UK showing decreased performance. There remains a risk that employment will increase in the coming years. The present concern is long-term unemployment, specifically with regards to the youths who are most disadvantaged in the labor market (Dickerson, 2008, p.1).
The rate of unemployment for the 18 – 31 age groups nearly doubles that of the next age group comprised of their senior cohort. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 63% of the stated young adult age groups were not employed in 2012, with this being the highest percentage in forty years (2012). Most parents have a very strong influence on the course of the career their children choose to follow. Finding employment that will support a household with established debt from college and other growing expenses has proven to be a real challenge.... ...
Youth unemployment is a term used for people between the ages of 15-19, that do not attend school or tertiary level and don't have any form of paid job. There are reasons causing this growing problem. These being;
Youth unemployment is a global problem facing both developed and developing economies. The United Nations define youth unemployment as individuals between the age of 15 and 24 years not employed and actively seeking employment. Statistics only consider youths who have attained the required age of employment who are willing and able to work but without jobs. Unemployment rates raise concerns in all economies. However, the rate and trends vary from one country to another irrespective of the country’s development status. For instance, in Cuba, Sierra Leone and Germany, youth unemployment rates were below 10% as per the year (Petersen & Mortimer, 2011). Sierra Leone is a developing country while Germany is a developed country yet their youth unemployment rates are comparable. On the other hand, youth unemployment rates in South Africa, Armenia and Spain were above 50% as per the year 2010 (Petersen & Mortimer, 2011). In most countries, youth unemployment rate is more than double as compared to an unemployment rate in people above the age of 24 years. Canada is not an exemption as the youth unemployment rate is raising major concerns. In the recent years, issues of youth unemployment have dominated political debates and social forums. More and more youths are leaving institutions of higher learning to end up being jobless. A considerable proportion of the youths are doing jobs that are below their level of educations. Organizations are raising standards in jobs where jobs previously performed by high school leavers are being given to diploma and degree holders. Since 1966, general unemployment rate has averaged at 7.75%. As per April this year, the unemployment rate among the youths was 14.5%, w...