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Group counseling reflection paper
The strengths and limitations of attachment theory
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Attachment and Self Disclosure in Groups
Attachment and self disclosure can say a lot about a person. There was a study done to investigate attachment style and self disclosure in the first group counseling session. This was done in order to explain variable of group functioning. The attachment style was done by self report questionnaires and the self-disclosure was done by observations. There were more than four hundred participants that were split up into twenty seven different groups. I find taking over 400 people and placing them into twenty seven different groups is actually a quite strong way of studying attachment and disclosure. They were assessed on the basis of transcripts of the first group counseling session. As noted by the group leader and the participants, group functioning included self-disclosure, group empathy, group intimacy, and client behavior. The results indicated that a significant relationship existed between attachment and initial self disclosure. I agree with this.
Many of people around the world find group counseling beneficial, but still there are some that disagree. The prediction of a person’s behavior in the group counseling process is important for the sake of both the group and the individual. This article covers the behind the scenes look at each of these behaviors and what role it has in a group. They wanted to examine whether a person’s behavior in a counseling group can be explained by means of self disclosure and attachment. I think that a person’s behavior can be explained in any setting based upon disclosure and attachment.
Attachment theory is viewed as a valid conceptual framework for explaining one’s predisposition toward group counseling. This includes ability, motivation, and behavior. Attachment style reflects a person’s past experiences with significant others, it is expressed in
Group 2 that person’s sense of trust and level of intimacy, and collected from self-report data. Self disclosure is reflected in actual behavior and can be measured through observation of a person’s situations such as the initial stage of a group. Attachment research has shown that secure attachment contributes to subjective well-being, high self-esteem, high self-efficacy, self-control, and well-adjusted interpersonal behavior. Insecure attachment seems to be organized around two basic dimensions: avoidance and anxiety-ambivalence. Avoidant adults tend to be uncomfortable about and have difficulties being close to and trusting others; anxious-ambivalent adults want closeness to others, worry that others do not love or want to be with them, and sometimes scare others away with their intense need for closeness.
Weger Jr., H. and Polcar, L. E., (2002). Attachment Style and Person-Centered Comforting. Western Journal of Communication, 66(1) (Winter 2002), 84-103.
One objective is to utilize the most powerful tool at psychotherapy’s disposal; the group experience. By one individual sharing their experience within the group, the other members are able to identify their similar experiences and work toward their own growth. Group therapy also increases self-awareness of clients in order for them to think introspectively in order to make a change in behaviors, increases social comfort, allowing exploration of new behaviors, provide and obtain support, develop communication skills, and promote interactions with others using truth and
Psychologist, Mary Ainsworth expanded upon Bowlby's original work. She conducted a study labelled the ‘Strange Situation’. In the study, based upon the children’s reactions, Ainsworth described three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. Work by Stroufe and Waters in 1977, further supported Ainsworth's attachment styles and have indicated that attachment styles also have an impact on behaviours later in life (Birns, 1999, p. 13). Researchers have found strengths in attachment patterns established early in life can lead to a number of outcomes. For example, children who are securely attached as infants tend to develop stronger self-esteem and better self-reliance as they grow older. These children also tend to be more independent, perform better in school, have successful social relationships, and experience less depression and anxiety (Birns, 1999, p. 13).
Swim, T. Investigating Attachment Quality: Typical and Atypical Scenarios. [Online]. [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Available from: http://www.cfs.purdue.edu/ITSI/conferenceDocs/08/Swim-Investigating_Attachment_Quality.pdf.
Jacobs, E. E., Masson, R. L., Harvill, R. L. & Schimmel, C. J. (2012). Group counseling: Strategies and skills (7th ed.), Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole
Throughout the course of a Master’s counseling program, moments of doubt, and a lack of working knowledge are bound to play a major role in the confidence a future counselor will posses in effectively implementing interventions early on in the instructional phase of his or her career. Corey (2010) states that an effective group leader, is able to become aware of their own vulnerabilities, and take responsibility in their responses. To become aware of a possible vulnerable area, a counselor must first take a concise look into their personal strengths and weakness, and then decide to actively seek out assistance with working on vulnerabilities. In exploring the roles of an effective group leader, I have realized that within the group process, I most fear the roles of a group leader that pertain to direct confrontation of a client, I also fear that the improper implementation of a intervention could lead to potential harm of the client. Attending to these fears I hold regarding group member confrontation, and intervention implementation is the key to gaining further understanding into how I can become comfortable with these essential functions of a group leader. The current paper will take a closer look into my vulnerabilities, using current research to gain insight into how I can overcome fears, when facilitating a task, psycho-educational, counseling, and psychotherapy group.
In consensual validation, the therapist will assess if other members of the group feels the same way or if only a member of the group is showing transference. When other members of the group feels the same way, the therapist will need to reassess approach, appearance and possible truth in the perception of the group members (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). On the other hand, when it is only a member of a group who sees the therapist in a certain way, the individual’s thoughts should be analyzed to see possible signs of internal distorting prism (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). The second method is the use of increased therapist transparency, which involves the therapist being a little more open about self when relevant to
The effect on internalizing symptoms will be exacerbated in those high in anxious attachment. Their co-rumination becomes highly ruminative, overriding the potentially positive effects of self-disclosure with a friend. Instead they are increasingly likely to focus on the negative emotions, exacerbating those feelings, and failing to come up with productive solutions to their dilemmas. As is common in rumination, anxious individuals amplify the negative aspects of their distress, making their problems appear overwhelming (Burnette et al., 2009). They are also more likely to readily perceive threat and intensify their emotions in response (Millings et al., 2016). These features support that anxious attached individuals are prone to ruminate about perceived threat, as rumination serves the function of keeping unresolved threat in one’s awareness to prepare for necessary action (Brosschot, Gerin, & Thayer, 2006). This excessive rumination would lead to an amplified increase of internalyzing system following co-rumination for anxiously attached individuals. As for relationship quality, anxiously attached individuals are naturally insecure about the quality of their relationships. Rather than co-rumination enhancing social support and intimacy, anxiously attached individuals
Management consultant, educator, and author Peter F. Drucker said it best: “The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn 't said”(Nonverbal Delivery). This quote illustrates just how significant body language and nonverbal communication really is. This study will cover the implications that nonverbal communication has in and outside of the workplace as well as people’s homes. This applies to every human being who would like to improve their communication skills.
Bernard et al (p 508) postulated that therapists should discuss with potential group members the problem of protecting clients’ confidentiality from one another, since confidentiality in group settings can be neither guaranteed nor enforced in most states. Bernard et al (p.481) postulated that special attention needs to be paid to encourage confidentiality in group and the protection of each member’s anonymity. The limits of confidentiality in group therapy, relative to individual therapy, must be carefully discussed. Therefore the group leader taking the initiative to release more information about the group is unethical.
During conversations, I have to put extra effort to maintain eye contact. One of the most important aspect of nonverbal communication is eye contact. The use of eye contact can be one of the most crucial and influential feature of our face. In America eye contact is essential “eye contact serves as a signal of readiness to interact and the absence of such contact, whether intended or accidental, tends to reduce the likelihood of such interactions”(Ruben & Stewart, 2015, 34). Eye contact shows that the person is interested in communicating with you, and has respect and appreciation for you. It gives the conversation a sense of flow. However the lack of eye contact can often seem disrespectful across culture. It is due to cultural comparison present regarding nonverbal communication. Every culture has its own altered
Individual counseling, the client is working on personal issues without having to share with others, but only with the counselor that is there to reinforce patterns of behavior, or to help make any other personal adjustments. They are the focus of the session, without having to share the spot light with others. Many people are not comfortable talking in a group, especially issues that are hurting and need personal attention. Although not much differences have been shown to differentiate the effects of group counseling to individual counseling, a study done by Kalavainen et al., using a population of obese children showed that group therapy did benefit to help and support the child’s weight. “There were many therapeutic factors like group support, group learning and group optimism, which were linked with working in the groups and which most probably influenced the participants in the group program” (Kalavainen, Korppi, & Nuutinen (2007). Group support can be of advantage in many issues that people are trying to work out in
"Americans smile at strangers. I personally don't know what to think of that." -Russian Engineer. "Americans seem cold. They seem to get upset when you stand close to them." -Jordanian Teacher (Levine & Adelman, 1993). Nonverbal communication can go wrong because of cultural differences. You could do a certain thing and think that it is okay to do it because it is fine to do in your own culture and then get in trouble just because you were communicating with a person from a different culture (Stoy, 2010). People from different cultures read things differently so you have to be careful with your nonverbal communication around them because we show our attitudes and feelings nonverbally more than we do verbally so they could get the wrong message if we are not careful.
Nonverbal communication surrounds us all the time. “Nonverbal communication is all aspects of communication other than words” (Wood, 2016, p. 135). It is not communication with words, but we use nonverbal communication when we talk. We use nonverbal communication without even realizing it in every facet of our lives. This type of communication can be challenging depending on someone’s culture. Something that means one thing in America, can mean something totally different in another country. It is important to know this so that you don’t offend someone from another culture (Wood, 2016, p. 149).
This sort of communication takes a large role in how we interact with those around us. Nonverbal communication reflects our cultural background. We should always be aware of whom we speak to and show we do it, this also applies to our actions. For example in Europe it is frowned on and offensive when you extend your right hand to shake another. This is because most cultures in the past used their right hand to clean themselves after using the restroom.