In 1976 a pharmaceutical beta blocker named Atenolol (a synthetic derivative of isopropylamino-propanol) was discovered and developed by the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) to treat common cardiovascular disorders (6). To fully understand Atenolol one must first recognize that it is specifically a beta-1 adrenoceptors antagonist. This is crucial because beta blockers follow strict classification guidelines in regards to the specific receptors they will interact with. These receptors are known as β1 adrenoceptors and β2 adrenoceptors, and when a drug (like Atenolol) is found to interact with only β1 adrenoceptors it is called cardioselective while drugs affecting both β1 adrenoceptors and β2 adrenoceptors are known as non-cardioselective. This differentiation between cardioselective versus non-cardioselective allows Atenolol to treat a variety of cardiovascular disorders such as antihypertensive, hypotensive and antiarrhythmic by interacting specifically with the beta-1 adrenergic receptors (7). Atenolol is special when talking about β1 adrenoceptors antagonists because it has the lowest lipid solubility without affecting intrinsic sympathomimetic activity aka ISA (8).
Antiarrhythmic agents are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart. Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents. There is a problem from the fact that many of the antiarrhythmic agents have multiple actions, making any classification accurate. Betapace (sotalol) comes in tablets and solution for oral a...
Racemic albuterol is a β2- adrenergic agonist that is a 50:50 mixture of two isomers, (R) albuterol and (S) albuterol. These two isomers are mirror images of each other, and rotate light in opposite directions. (R) Albuterol is an active isomer and in this combination acts an active bronchodilator. The other half of the mixture, (S) albuterol, does not actually possess any bronchodilator activity and was until recently considered an “inactive” distomer or physiologically inert. The “R” stands for rectus or right, while the “S” is for sinister or left. Racemic albuterol was synthesized for maximal airway smooth muscle dilation while minimizing the α- and β1-receptor mediated effects on the cardiovascular system.
Ally most likely has used ACE inhibitors and Beta blockers in the past and will be using them again.. The ACE inhibitors are vasodilators with the capability to widen the blood vessels allowing the blood pressure to lower down while improving the blood flow and decreasing the workload of the heart (WEbMD, 2017). Lisinopril is anangiotensin converting enzyme. This drug is used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, helps to preent kidney failure --due to high blood pressure and diabetes. It is also used to prevent further damage and scarring of the muscles (Medicine Net, 2017). Another Ace inhibitor is Benazepril. It is used with hydrochlothiazide, at times, to treat high blood pressure. It can also be used to treat heart failure. Beta blockers are medications that lower your blood pressure.Beta blockerd work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine. Two types of Beta blockers are Metoprolol relaxes blood vessels and slows down the heart rate and Nebivolol, which response to nerve impulses in certain parts of the body,like the heart (Mayo Clinic Staff). This helps to lower heart beats and decrease the blood pressure (Mayo Clinic Staff,
Epinephrine can be added to NE if needed to maintain acceptable BP, or substituted if necessary. Vasopressin (0.03 units/min) can be used as an adjunct to increase MAP,or to lower NE dose; it should not be used as a single agent. Dopamine can be used as an alternative to NE, but only in patients meeting criteria due to risk of arrhythmias; low dose dopamine not to be used for renal protection. Phenylephrine not recommended in most cases; can be utilized if NE leads to serious arrhythmias, CO is known to be high yet BP continues to be low, or as salvage therapy when MAP target is not achieved by other means. An arterial cath should be placed ASAP in patients who require vasopressors. Inotropes can be added to vasopressors or used alone, with a doubatmine trial of up to 20 mcg/kg/min as an option if myocardial dysfunction is suspected by elevated cardiac filling pressures and low CO, or if hypoperfusion is still evident although intravascular volume and MAP are at goal. Bicarbonate should not be used in patients with pH greater than or equal to
Story Time, by Edward Bloor, Harcourt: United States of America, 2001. 424 pages. Reviewed by Mar Vincent Agbay
Let’s begin with the structure. The structure of Atenolol is as follows: its chemical formula is C14H22N2O3, its relative molecular mass is 266.3g, and its chemical name is (RS)-4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)phenylacetamide. The physical appearance of the drug itself is a white colored powder that is odorless. The way atenolol, as well as other beta-blockers, work, is that they affect the different beta-recptors located within the human body. Every human has a certain number of beta-receptors located throughout the body, in places such as the heart, lungs, brain, etc. When a person takes a dose of atenolol, it reacts with the beta-receptors to either calm anxiety or treat blood pressure, without altering a person’s actions.
The story “The Cask of Amontillado” is written in first person point of view and this story is fairly simple to understand. This story is affected by the narration when looking at what the narrator's focus is, the narrator’s thoughts or opinions, and how the reader interprets the story.
The second part of this lab was a computer simulation program to illustrate a frog’s electrocardiogram using various drugs in an isolated setting. The computer program entitled “Effects of Drugs on the Frog Heart” allowed experimental conditions to be set for specific drugs. The different drugs used were calcium, digitalis, pilocarpine, atropine, potassium, epinephrine, caffeine, and nicotine. Each of these drugs caused a different electrocardiogram and beats per minute reading. The calcium-magnesium ration affects “the permeability of the cell membrane”(Fox). When calcium is placed directly on the heart it results in three physiological functions. The force of the heart increases while the cardiac rate decreases. It also causes the appearance of “ectopic pacemakers in the ventricles, producing abnormal rhythms” (Fox). Digitalis’ affect on the heart is very similar to that of calcium. It inhibits the sodium-potassium pump activated by ATP that promotes the uptake of extracellular calcium by the heart. This in return strengthens myocardial contraction (Springhouse). Pilocarpine on the other hand
A friend of mine is taking Atenolol for high blood pressure. She didn’t experience any adverse effects, which she is tankfull for. She did however experience the therapeutic effect of the medication, which was the reason it was prescribed. The medication is keeping her blood pressure in normal ranges.
According to Equiano’s narrative, his knowledge of white men or Europeans is unheard of prior to him being enslaved. When Equiano spoke of his people, he spoke of them with immense pride, dignity, and respect. He considers even their slaves to be healthy, hearty, intelligent, zealous and without deformity. However, he states “I remember while in Africa to have seen three negro children, who were tawny, and another quite white, who were universally regarded…as deformed”. Because of the fair complexion of their skin (white), he viewed them as deformed.
When I first started leaning to read words I was very enthusiastic and I was so proud of my self, I was a reader now but was I reading or just lifting words from the white paper full of dreams and hopes. I still remember the days sitting with my mom on the dining room table reading together. Reading with my mom from early days I realise that language is very much like a living organism. It cannot be put together from parts like a machine, and it is constantly fluctuating and evolving. Language is a living organism that grows, it exists only in interaction with others, in a social interdependence. Different cultures
Each sunday at approximately 3:42-4:02 PM, Ronald takes his dog Sparky for a long walk around the city. When Ronald makes his weekly stop at the pharmacy to get his prescription, Sparky is left tied to a streetlamp, left to wait for his owner with only his old leather collar, his short but elastic leash, his bandages to cover his back foot and his naive curiosity at the world around him.
Narrative Essay It all started my sophomore year of high school. People always tell you that when someone knocks you down, you should always get back up and keep trying. I had this mindset at the beginning of my sophomore year, but I ended up letting a teacher knock me down to the point where I did not get back up for a couple of years. I never expected my second year of high school to go so awry.
Everyone in life has to overcome something that will benefit us in life that's why learning is always positive. If you never learn you will never overcome that obstacle, and you will be more wise on life or that area you are learning.
Narration is a form of discourse that describes a series of event. In its full form, it includes orientation (setting, participants), initiating event, and internal response by the protagonist, consequence, eventual resolution and evaluation. Narrative performance has been successfully used to discriminate language abilities in children with language impairment and children with learning disabilities from children with normally-developing communication skills (Blood & Seider, 1981; Bloodstein, 1987; Byrd & Cooper, 1989; Kline & Starkweather, 1979). The ability to narrate a story is fundamental to the development of overall communicative competence and involves the coordination of a variety of knowledge structures and linguistic abilities. One reason for narrative skills to be an integral part of language development is that it plays a critical role in skills underlying successful school achievement, including reading and writing (Snow, 1983; Snow & Dickinson, 1990; Watson, 1989).They have high ecological validity and it provides a test of language content form and use (Liles, 1993).