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History of artificial intelligence Essay
Meaning of intelligence
Alan Turing essay
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In our world, intelligence is often associated with geniuses and being smart. It is thought of as being able to obtain and understand vast amount of information. However, as technology improves and becomes more advanced, intelligence has acquired numerous meanings. Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve goals through computational process. Although intelligence is only studied in humans, is it possible that machines may be more “intelligent” than those who created the machines in the first place?
Artificial intelligence is known as “the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it” (“Artificial Intelligence”, 2012). These so called machines usually recognize their environment and take actions that will likely be successful. After WWII many people began working on these intelligent machines. Mathematician, Alan Turing, was one of the first after giving a lecture in 1947. His theory suggested that a machine “could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction (“Artificial Intelligence,” 2010).
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For this test, a judge is engaged in a conversation with a human and a machine. Hypothetically, the machine is supposed to act and speak as if it were human. The judge is not reflecting how correct the machine’s answers are, but how close the answers are to the human’s answers. If the judge cannot discover the difference between the two, the machine passes the test. (“Turing Test,” 2012) Personally, I do not believe this test is valid. A machine, to me, is usually created to do something better, faster, or more efficient than a human would. That means that if a machine’s answer is more intelligent, or deeper in thought, than the human’s answer it is not intelligent according to the test. A machine should be able to have a more intelligent answer than the
Andy Clark strongly argues for the theory that computers have the potential for being intelligent beings in his work “Mindware: Meat Machines.” The support Clark uses to defend his claims states the similar comparison of humans and machines using an array of symbols to perform functions. The main argument of his work can be interpreted as follows:
The Turing Test is a method determining if a machine is capable of thinking or generating like a human. That will prove to be a strong or weak artificial intelligence (AI). It's testing the indistinguishable behavior of a machine to a human. The test consists of an evaluator who asks questions to two partners, one's a human and the other is a computer. There is no contact with the judge and the two partners who engage in the conversation. The answers are presented by texting only to conceal the truth behind the screen. The objective is to convince the judge that the computer is behaving like a human since it's responding like one. If the evaluator is 70% sure the responder is a human, the machine passes the test. In other words, the judge's
The Turing test was a test that allows humans to evaluate the question “can machines think?” Turing evaluates that one should not ask if machines can think, but conduct an experiment which can prove that it can think. In order to answer this question, Turing created
One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the imitation game, since it is basically a game in which a computer imitates a conversating human. In an analysis of the Turing Test I will focus on its features, its historical background and the evaluation of its validity and importance.
Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines intelligence as the capacity to apprehend facts and propositions, to reason about them, and the ability to understand them and their relations to each other. A. M. Turing had this definition in mind when he made his predictions and designed his test, commonly known as the Turing test. His test is, in principle, simple. A group of judges converse with different entities, some computers and some human, without knowledge of which is which. The job of the judges is to discern which entity is a computer. Judges may ask them any question they like, "Are you a computer?" excepted, and the participants may answer with anything they like, and in turn, ask questions of the judges. The concept of the test is not difficult, but creating an entity capable of passing the test with current technology is virtually impossible.
...at today is known as the Turing Test. This was a test where a person would ask questions from both a human and a machine without knowing which was which. If after a reasonable amount of time the difference between the two was not obvious, then the machine was thought to be somewhat intelligent. A version of this test is still used today by the Boston Museum of Computers to host a contest of the best artificial machines for the Loebner Prize.
Created by English mathematician Alan Turing, the Turing test (formerly known as the imitation game) is a behavioral approach that assesses a system’s ability to think. In doing so, it can determine whether or not that system is intelligent. This experiment initiated what is now commonly known as artificial intelligence.
"My name is Dorothy," said the girl, "and I am going to the Emerald City, to ask the Oz to send me back to Kansas."
The Turing test was a test introduced by Alan Turing (1912-1954) and it involves having a human in one room and an artificial intelligence, otherwise known as a computer, in another and as well as an observer. Turing himself suggested that as long as the observer is unaware whether it’s a human or a computer in either room the computer should be regarded as having human-level intelligence. (Nunez, 2016). But does the “human-level” intelligence mean it should be considered to be conscious? Is it more important to be clever or to be aware of being clever? Is it moral to create a conscious being that just serves our purposes? Aside from the moral implications there are technical implications and parameters
Schimelpfening, Nancy. Robots for Humanity: Restoring Function to the Disabled Through Technology. 21 December 2013.
Machines can only reason through the programming that it's creator has written. There is no way to truly give a machine the thought of a human. If we include all human idiosyncrasies and judgments, a machine could become smarter than us but they will
Advanced Robotics 23(11): 1493-1497. EBSCOhost, http://web.ebscohost.com (accessed January 21, 2011). OECD (2010). The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary'. "Japan" in OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2010, 196-197.
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...
Bosnor, Kevin. "How Flying Cars Will Work." Howstuffworks. How Stuff Works Inc., 1998. Web. 24 Jan.
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent