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Chapter 15 - The Ferment of Reform and Culture
1. Reviving Religion
a. Most Americans attended Church by the year 1850. Some believed that a clockmaker existed also known as Deism. This meant that they thought a supreme being did create people as well as Earth. A new religion in England emerged known as Unitarian. This meant that only one person held the status of “God”. They saw god more as a caring father. Liberalism resulted in the Great Awakening after 1800s.
2. Denominational Diversity
a. This allowed for the braking apart of many religions. Some believed in Christ returning to Earth the Great Awakening separated religions and Southerners were probably Baptists or even Methodists. This created different points of views on slavery.
3. A
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Desert Zion in Utah a. The Golden tablets were claimed to have been discovered by Joseph Smith along with a book by the name of Mormon. Mormons were antagonized because of their polygamy and voting as one person. Smith was murdered soon and the Mormons grew by reproduction. Polygamy was a practice looked down upon until 1896. 4. Free School for a Free People a.
A tax supported educational system was rejected because it was assumed to be a thing poor people wanted. This later became tolerated when politicians saw a benefit from an educational system. Teachers did not have a proper teaching method. Some were not well suited.
5. Higher Goals for Higher Learning
The second Great Awakening prompted the building of little schools in the South West the educational program concentrated for the most part on Latin, Math, Greek, moral theory The first state-backed college was established in the Tar Heel state, the Univ. of North Carolina, in 1795; Jefferson began the College of Virginia without further ado thereafter (UVA was to be autonomous of religion or legislative issues) ladies were thought to be debased if excessively instructed and were in this manner barred.\
6. An Age of Reform
a. Reformers contradicted tobacco, liquor, irreverence, and numerous different indecencies, and turned out for ladies' rights ladies were critical in persuading these change developments reformers were frequently hopeful people who looked for an impeccable society some were innocent and disregarded the issues of manufacturing plants they battled for no detainment for obligation reformers needed criminal codes mollified and reformatories made The rationally crazy were dealt with gravely. Dorothea Dix battled for change of the rationally crazy in her excellent appeal of 1843 there was fomentation for
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peace. 7. Demon Rum—The “Old Deluder” a. Intoxication was far reaching The American Balance Society was shaped at Boston the "Cool Water Armed force" , marked promises, made flyers, and a hostile to liquor novel developed called 10 nights in a Saloon and What I Saw There Assault on the evil presence beverage received 2 noteworthy lines assault… focused on balance assembly evacuated allurement - Neal S. Dow turns into the "Father of Forbiddance" supported Maine Law of 1851 which denied making and offer of alcohol 8. Women in Revolt a.
Women still could not vote. In the 1800, American ladies were by and large preferred off over in Europe. to be "old maids" sexual orientation contrasts expanded strongly with diverse financial parts ladies were seen as powerless physically and inwardly, however fine for educating men were seen as solid, however rough and boorish, if not guided by the immaculateness of ladies home was the inside of the female's reality (actually for reformer Catharine Beecher) however numerous felt that was insufficient they joined the development to abrogate of subjugation the ladies' development was headed by Lucretia Mott, Susan
B. b. Anthony, Elizabeth Candy Stanton, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. The Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention held in NY, it was a real milestone in ladies' rights c. Presentation of Sentiments – was composed in the soul of the Presentation of Independence saying that "all Men and Women are made equivalent" requested vote for ladies dispatched cutting edge ladies' rights development the ladies' rights development was incidentally overshadowed by subjection when the Civil War warmed up, yet served as an establishment for later. 12. Blossoming of National Literature a. Literature was directly copied from Europe. Americans had their own literature as well. There were new styles of writing after the Independence War. One of the first novelists in the United States was known as James Cooper. These writers shaped American society. 18. Portrayers of the Past a. The naval academy was a book written by George Bancroft. He was known as the Father of History. The conquest of Mexico was published in Peru by William Prescott. Most historians subsided in New England and this is where most literature came from.
The Pilgrims were also eager to experience new religious freedom from the state-ran church of Great Britain. This helped them build vibrant faithful communities in the New World. However, many individuals came to work not for God and were not all believers. After the establishment of the Church of England, other religions were inhibited. Everyone was expected to follow one religion and to believe in one religion. This led to a sense of stability from a political perspective because everyone practiced the same religion. However, instead of being a positive force for religious belief, it created spiritual dryness among believers. Individuals weren’t feeling anything spiritual or divine and it created a lack of relationships with individuals and their religion. The First Great Awakening arose at a time when people in the colonies were questioning the role of the individual in religion and society. It began at the same time as the Enlightenment, an insight that emphasized logic and reason and stressed the power of the individual to understand the universe based on scientific laws. Similarly, the Great Awakening had influenced individuals to rely more on a personal approach to redemption than the church and doctrine. There was national hunger for spiritual freedom and had wise and moral leadership. These convictions led to a spiritual revival in the colonies known as the Great Awakening. However, little did the colonists know that this spiritual movement would aid in their separation form Britain and lead to independence in the long
In the 1840’s, most of American women were beginning to become agitated by the morals and values that were expected of womanhood. “Historians have named this the ’Cult of True Womanhood’: that is, the idea that the only ‘true’ woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family” (History.com). Voting was only the right of men, but women were on the brink to let their voices be heard. Women pioneers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott wrote eleven resolutions in The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments; this historical document demanded abolishment of any laws that authorized unequal treatment of women and to allow for passage of a suffrage amendment.
Up until and during the mid -1800’s, women were stereotyped and not given the same rights that men had. Women were not allowed to vote, speak publically, stand for office and had no influence in public affairs. They received poorer education than men did and there was not one church, except for the Quakers, that allowed women to have a say in church affairs. Women also did not have any legal rights and were not permitted to own property. Overall, people believed that a woman only belonged in the home and that the only rule she may ever obtain was over her children. However, during the pre- Civil war era, woman began to stand up for what they believed in and to change the way that people viewed society (Lerner, 1971). Two of the most famous pioneers in the women’s rights movement, as well as abolition, were two sisters from South Carolina: Sarah and Angelina Grimké.
The Second Great Awakening started the was a religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, it sparked the building and reform of the education system, women's rights and the mental health system. It was also the start of many different denominations of churches such as the, Churches of Christ, Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Evangelical Christian.
As mentioned above, women’s role were unjust to the roles and freedoms of the men, so an advanced education for women was a strongly debated subject at the beginning of the nineteenth century (McElligott 1). The thought of a higher chance of education for women was looked down upon, in the early decades of the nineteenth century (The American Pageant 327). It was established that a women’s role took part inside the household. “Training in needlecraft seemed more important than training in algebra” (327). Tending to a family and household chores brought out the opinion that education was not necessary for women (McElligott 1). Men were more physically and mentally intellectual than women so it was their duty to be the educated ones and the ones with the more important roles. Women were not allowed to go any further than grammar school in the early part of the 1800’s (Westward Expansion 1). If they wanted to further their education beyond grammar, it had to be done on their own time because women were said to be weak minded, academically challenged and could n...
...ing shattered denominational loyalties and allowed Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists to leap ahead of all other Protestant rivals after 1780. It also destroyed the systems of established churches and recognized hierarchies, and replaced them with Evangelicalism, which mainly consisted of missionary work and reporting conversion experiences to others. The Great Awakening and westward expansion provided the American colonies with a few characteristics that led to the development of an American culture that distinguished it from British culture.
Religion of the protestant church was an important factor in the pre-war timeline culture. The Second great awakening, which occurred in the 19th century, greatly impacted American society. This new point of view in terms and matters of faith led northerners to cherish the theory of Christian perfection, a theory that in fact was applied to society in an attempt to eliminate social imperfection. On the other hand, southerners reacted by cherishing a faith of personal piety, which focused mainly on a reading of the Bible; however, it expressed very little concern in addressing society’s problems.1
Women had a role in the forming of our country that many historians overlook. In the years leading to the revolution and after women were political activists. During the war, women took care of the home front. Some poor women followed the army and assisted to the troops. They acted as cooks, laundresses and nurses. There were even soldiers and spies that were women. After the revolution, women advocated for higher education. In the early 1800’s women aided in the increase of factories, and the changing of American society. Women in America were an important and active part of achieving independence and the framing of American life over the years.
Sixty- nine years after the Declaration of Independence, one group of women gathered together and formed the Seneca Falls Convention. Prior and subsequent to the convention, women were not allowed to vote because they were not considered equal to men. During the convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton delivered the “Declaration of Sentiments.” It intentionally resembles the Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal…” (Stanton, 466). She replaced the “men” with “men and women” to represent that women and men should be treated equally. Stanton and the other women in the convention tried to fight for voting rights. Dismally, when the Equal Rights Amendment was introduced to the Congress, the act failed to be passed. Even though women voiced their opinions out and urged for justice, they could not get 2/3 of the states to agree to pass the amendment. Women wanted to tackle on the voting inequalities, but was resulted with more inequalities because people failed to listen to them. One reason why women did not achieve their goals was because the image of the traditional roles of women was difficult to break through. During this time period, many people believed that women should remain as traditional housewives.
The Great Awakening was a superior event in American history. The Great Awakening was a time of revivalism that expanded throughout the colonies of New England in the 1730’s through the 1740’s. It reduced the importance of church doctrine and put a larger significance on the individuals and their spiritual encounters. The core outcome of the Great Awakening was a revolt against controlling religious rule which transferred over into other areas of American life. The Great Awakening changed American life on how they thought about and praised the divine, it changed the way people viewed authority, the society, decision making, and it also the way they expressed themselves. Before the Great Awakening life was very strict and people’s minds were
The role of women in the Early Republic is a topic mostly overlooked by historians when dealing with this era of American history. The triumphs of the Revolution and the early events of the new nation were done solely by men. However, women had their own political societies and even participated in the Revolution. Women's roles began to take a major turn after the war with Great Britain. This was due in part to their involvement in the war and female patriotism. Others believed it was due to the easier access to formal education for young women. Whatever the reason, it inspired women to challenge the social structure of the Early Republic. The roles of women were changing in the Early Republic. However, progress was slow and little change followed after the Revolution. This change in social structure elicited two questions. What caused this social change and what was the major setback for the progression of women's rights? These were the questions Linda Kreber's Women In The Republic: Intellect And Ideology In Revolutionary America, Caroline Robbins' review of Mary Norton's Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, and Sheila Skemp's review of Lucia McMahon's Mere Equals: The Paradox of Educated Women in the Early American Republic attempted to answer. Each of the pieces of literature agreed that the social equality of women was changing, but each offer a unique aspect of what changed it, and what slowed progression of equality.
Reform movements including religion, temperance, abolition, and women's rights sought to expand democratic ideals in the years 1825 to 1850. However, certain movements, such as nativism and utopias, failed to show the American emphasis on a democratic society. The reform movements were spurred by the Second Great Awakening, which began in New England in the late 1790's, and would eventually spread throughout the country. The Second Great Awakening differed from the First in that people were now believed to be able to choose whether or not to believe in God, as opposed to previous ideals based on Calvinism and predestination.
Women spent majority of their day ironing, washing clothes, baking, sewing clothes and raising their children (page 17). Religion also added to women’s lesser status (page 18). Religion was at the core life of Americans, female submission was decreed to be part of God’s order (page 18). Lucretia Mott soon pointed out that many scriptures celebrated female strength and independence (page 18). As a young girl Elizabeth Cady Stanton learned about laws that limited rights of wives and as an adult found ways to reform marriage and divorce laws (page 23). Things were looking up for women, by 1850 female wage workers made up nearly a quarter of the manufacturing labor work force (page 30). Women were still excluded from occupations such as the military, ministry, law, medicine and jobs felt inappropriate for women (page 32). During this antebellum period women were starting to rise up and realize they deserved to have the same rights and privileges men received. This gave women hope that things could change. By the second quarter of the 19th century few positive changes for women pushed Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B Anthony, Lucy Stone and others to challenge injustices and reform efforts (page
As the population of the colonies grew larger and more diverse, so did their ideas of religion and social dynamics. A new era of Enlightenment spread through the colonies, spreading a rational and scientific view of living, opposed to traditional religion and superstition. A wave of religious revivals swept through the colonies known as the Great Awakening. These passionate and dramatic revivals performed by James Whitefield and others led to religious dissension. Many ministers disagreed with the message, approach, and influence being spread by Whitefield and his New Light clergy members. Old Light ministers believed they were providing the lower class and minority groups the ability to critique the religious elite. In George Whitefield's, Marks of a True Conversion is an example of one of his powerful and intense
The third Great Awakening began approximately in 1850 and lasted until the turn of the twentieth century. This time was a time of reform, and the third Great Awakening paralleled this ideal with a strong sense of social activism. It also placed emphasis on evangelizing and spreading the gospel, which also paralleled the United States growing imperialism. This was a time of growth for both the church and the state. This was also a time for waning Christian faiths. The second Great Awakening