Antenna Technology Essay

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INTRODUCTION
Mobile communications, wireless interconnects, wireless local area networks (WLANs), and cellular phone technologies compose one of the most rapidly growing industrial markets today. The advancement in the direction of wireless communication leads to a great demand of development of compact antenna to support multiple applications that can be easily integrated within the small space that is available inside the device. In the case of, portable antenna technology has grown along with mobile and cellular technologies. Proper antenna for a device is the most important factor. This will improve transmission and reception of signals, reduce power consumption, long lasting and improve marketability of the device.
Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices where the so-called whip antennas. The whip quarter-wavelength antennas were more popular because of its simple and convenient design [1]. It has an Omni-directional pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications. A new antenna designs are implemented on radios with a lower profile than the whip antenna and without significantly reducing performance. These antennas include the quarter-wavelength helical shape and the stubby helical antenna, which is the shortest available antenna.
In recent years, the demand for compact handheld communication devices has grown. So devices smaller than the palm size have appeared in the market. The size of antenna is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the last few years, new designs based on the compact Planar Inverted-F shaped Antenna (PIFA) and Micro strip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless devices because these antennas have ...

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1.5 HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURE SIMULATOR (HFSS)
HFSS is the industry-standard simulation tool for 3D full-wave electromagnetic field. it provides E-field and H-fields, S-parameters, currents and near and far radiated field. HFSS is an engineering design tool that is automated solution process where users are only required to specify material properties, geometry and the desired output. here HFSS will automatically generate an efficient ,accurate and appropriate mesh to solve the problem using the proven finite element method.
The core of the program HFSS is based on the finite element method (FEM) (its practical application often known as finite element analysis (FEA)) where it is a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions to partial differential equations (PDE) and their systems, as well as (less often) integral equations.

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