Annotated Bibliography: Cigarette Smoking Bans

HSP3M

Sissi Zheng

Annotated Bibliography

A) Overview Article

Bibliography

Renneboog, R. M. (2016). Cigarette Smoking Bans: An Overview. Canadian Points Of View: Cigarette Smoking Bans, 1.

Summary

Smoking tobacco has been a contentious issue ever since explorers brought tobacco leaves to Europe from the New World in the sixteenth century. In the 1960s, scientific reports conclusively linked cigarette smoking with certain forms of cancer. Despite this, anti-smoking legislation was virtually non-existent in Canada until the 1990s. Today, all areas of the country have legislation in place restricting the use of tobacco and very few allow smoking in public places, while others have banned it entirely. Anti-tobacco lobbyists say that while a lot of progress has been made, there are a number of areas that still need attention. Most Aboriginal reservations are considered exempt from smoking legislation. Many reservations and their surrounding areas are home to populations where 80 per cent of adolescents between the ages of fifteen and nineteen are regular smokers. In addition, since the introduction of smoking legislation, there has been an ongoing multibillion dollar battle between the big tobacco companies and the government. Tobacco companies feel that restrictions on the way they advertise, package and distribute their product is a violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Many companies have brought their cases to the attention of the Supreme Court of Canada with

similar claims. Beginning in the mid-2000s, the introduction of electronic cigarettes brought another element to the debate.
Reliability
As a freelance writer, Renneboog earned his M.Sc.

degree at The University of Western Ontario in 1983 and has since studied at University of Alberta, in Edmonton, Alberta, and at Loyalist College, in Belleville, Ontario. He has been actively involved with both Catholic and public education in the Province of Ontario since 1995, serving on school councils at the elementary, secondary and district levels, and representing publicly-funded Catholic education in the provincial

arena.
Relevance/Evaluation
Tobacco use is the major cause of preventable and premature death and disease worldwide, according to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. The CDC reports that 46 million Americans age 18 years and older smoke cigarettes, 443,000 smoking-related deaths occur annually in the U.S. Smoking affects smokers' health and controls their smoking habits and use of time, and the spiraling cost of tobacco makes it an expensive pastime. Secondhand smoke affects others and pollutes the environment. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, children are susceptible to the effects of secondhand smoke because they are growing and developing. Children exposed to secondhand smoke have increased risks of sudden infant death syndrome, middle ear infection, asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis. Annually, one of every five deaths in the U.S. is related to smoking, due to conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, lung cancer and emphysema, according to the CDC website. Deaths attributed to smoking varied from state to state during the years 2000 to 2004, with Alaska reporting 492 deaths and California reporting 36,687 deaths, notes the CDC. The good news is, according to a report from the CDC, some states show signs of improved health of their citizens and a decrease in smoking rates, deaths and health care costs due to increased awareness, education and resources available to help people fight the smoking habit.
B) Academic Article
Bibliography
Kaai, S. C., Manske, S. R., Leatherdale, S. T., & Murnaghan, D. (2014). Are experimental smokers different from their never-smoking classmates? A multilevel analysis of Canadian youth in grades 9 to 12. Chronic Diseases & Injuries In Canada, 34(2/3), 121.
Abstract
Introduction: Understanding the characteristics of experimental smoking among youth is critical for designing prevention programs. This study examined which student- and school-level factors differentiated experimental smokers from never smokers in a nationally representative sample of Canadian students in grades 9 to 12.
Methods: School-level data from the 2006 Canadian Census and one built environment characteristic (tobacco retailer density) were linked with data from secondary school students from the 2008–2009 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey and examined using multilevel logistic regression analyses.
Results: Experimental smoking rates varied across schools. The location of the school (urban vs. rural) was associated with the odds of a student being an experimental smoker versus a never smoker when adjusting for student characteristics. Students were more likely to be experimental smokers if they were in a lower grade, reported low school connectedness, used alcohol or marijuana, believed that smoking can help people relax, received pocket money each week and had a family member or close friend who smoked cigarettes.
Conclusion: School-based tobacco prevention programs need to be grade-sensitive and comprehensive in scope; include strategies that can increase students’ attachment to their school; and address multi-substance use, tobacco-related beliefs and the use of pocket money. These programs should also reach out to students who have smoking friends and family members. Schools located in rural settings may require additional resources.
Summary
Despite the proven harmful outcomes of smoking, youth smoking rates remain high in North America. Lifetime smoking often commences as naive experimentation during adolescence and develops into a habit that is difficult to break. Most adult smokers initiated smoking during their teenage years. In the article, the findings expand on the knowledge about the student- and school-level characteristics that influence experimental smoking among secondary school students. Specifically, the characteristic of the school a student attends (i.e. being located in a rural location) can increase the likelihood of experimental smoking above and beyond individual-level influences.
Methods
The 2008–2009 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (2008 YSS) is a nationally representative cross-sectional, school-based survey that is used to measure the determinants of youth smoking behaviour. In brief, the target population consisted of all young Canadian residents in the appropriate grades attending public or private schools in all 10 provinces in Canada. The survey took about 20 to 30 minutes, and to ensure confidentiality, students placed completed questionnaires in an envelope that was sealed and placed in a larger classroom envelope. The University of Waterloo Office of Research and Ethics approved the survey methods. The sample for this study was from the secondary school portion of 2008 YSS. This portion was administered to all sampled grade 9 to 12 students attending 133 schools from all 10 Canadian provinces. The study used only the subset of 18 072 students who were experimental or never smokers.
Reliability
Susan Kaai completed her Ph.D. studies (Public health) on tobacco use at the School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo. She has a M.Sc. degree (specializing in Applied Human Nutrition) from the University of Nairobi and a Bachelors of Education from Kenyatta University. Susan has a multi-disciplinary academic qualification (Tobacco use, HIV, Education, Human Nutrition, and Epidemiology) and diverse professional international research experience in evaluating HIV, tobacco use, nutrition, reproductive health, and maternal and child health programs. She has published several peer-reviewed articles, reports, and presented in national and international conferences. 
Steve Manske is a Senior Scientist at the Propel Centre for Population Health Impact and a Research Associate Professor in Applied Health Sciences at the University of Waterloo. He trained at the University of Toronto (EdD in Adult Education) and University of Waterloo (MSc in Health Behaviour).
Donna Murnaghan, RN, MN, PhD, is one of two founding faculty members at the University of Prince Edward Island’s school of nursing. As a nurse educator with 35 years of experience, her expertise in curriculum development and nursing knowledge have been instrumental to the development of both undergraduate and graduate programs. Her program of research in the area of prevention has been recognized locally and nationally for its expertise in school health research, wellness promotion and knowledge exchange systems.
Dr. Scott Leatherdale is an Associate Professor and CIHR-PHAC Chair in Applied Public Health Research in the School of Public Health and Health Systems at the University of Waterloo. His work focuses on advancing a systems science approach to primary prevention activities, developing and evaluating population-level health interventions across multiple risk factor domains, and creating research infrastructure to facilitate large population studies in chronic disease prevention.
Relevance/Evaluation
Tobacco smoke is known to be the main risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer, although non-smokers can get it too. The nonsmokers were also less likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, previous cancer of the larynx, or weight loss, the results showed. In addition, nonsmokers lived about twice as long after diagnosis, an average of 51 months compared to 25 months for smokers, according to the study presented Sunday at a meeting of the European Respiratory Society in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Studies presented at medical meetings are typically considered preliminary, because they are not subject to the same rigorous review as published studies.
Overall Summary
The overview article presents general information regarding cigarette smoking bans. The author reviews anti-smoking legislation in Canada, focusing on the Ottawa, Ontario ban on smoking in public buildings passed in 1976, the Toronto, Ontario ban on smoking in restaurants and entertainment facilities in 1996, and the ban on smoking in public establishments passed by the provincial government of Ontario in 2006. Legislation regulating tobacco advertising, labeling, and distribution is also discussed. In the academic journal, the authors purpose is to examined which student- and school-level factors differentiated experimental smokers from never smokers in a nationally representative sample of Canadian students in grades 9 to 12. The findings shows that there are significant differences between smokers and non-smokers. This reinforce the importance of establishing anti-smoking legislation.