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Cloning in humans and animals
Critically examine the arguments for and against cloning
Cloning in humans and animals
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Did you know that animals are used for testing purposes, such as cloning? Animals are undergoing cloning methods for scientific purposes and are even being brought back to life in the form of a clone in order to please grieving pet lovers. Cloning animals is very unethical and it is a highly controversial topic. Cloning allows for the suffering of animals and it does not create an exact replica of an animal; therefore, it is unethical.
In simple terms, cloning an animal is using science to create a similar, if not identical, version of an original animal. Unfortunately, cloning an animal is not as simple as it may seem and it is unethical, especially because the suffering of animals is very common in the process. Animals that are undergoing cloning processes are essentially becoming genetically engineered. According to Elisabeth Ormandy, an expert on the topic of genetic engineering, the definition of genetically engineered animals is “an animal that has had a change in its nuclear or mitochondrial DNA… achieved through a deliberate human technological intervention” (544). The reason that cloned animals fall under this category is because they are “animals that have undergone induced mutations... and cloned animals are also considered to be genetically engineered due to the direct intervention and planning involved in creation of these animals” (Ormandy 544). According to John Woestendiek, the author of Dog Inc., a novel that describes the process of dog cloning, said “the practice [dog cloning] is based in South Korea because it's a country with much lower ethical standards for the treatment of dogs than is the United States” (Harris Kinga). Animal cloning is clearly unethical if it is primarily performed in a country that trea...
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...n animal that is very similar to the deceased pet. There are always animals at the pet shelters that need a home. Instead of creating clones of pets that are bound to suffer, adopt a new pet at a pet shelter.
Works Cited
Harris, Dan, and Kinga, Janik. "Cloning Fido: South Korea's Dog Cloning Industry Raises Ethical Red Flags." Abcnews.go.com. ABC News Network, 07 Jan. 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.
Kim, MJ. “Lessons Learned from Cloning Dogs.” Reproduction in Domestic Animals 47.4 (2012): 115-119. Wiley Online Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.
Ormandy, Elisabeth H. “Genetic engineering of animals: Ethical issues, including welfare concerns.” The Canadian Veterinary Journal 52.5 (2011): 544-550. PubMed. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.
Satris, Stephen. "Is Cloning Pets Ethically Justified?" Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Moral Issues. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. N. pag. Print.
Even though natural born animals present a higher survival rate, cloned sheep and cows show different results. Even if the cloned cows and sheep show a positive sign of survival, most of the cloned animals’ die either in the womb or after the clone exits the womb. (Anthes 63). Through this example, death dominates the choices of these cloned animals, and scientists continue the experiments for the benefits of humans. By focusing on human needs, the scientists pretend that animal welfare means absolutely nothing, but animals deserve safety just like humans. If scientists truly believe that cloning meets moral standards, than how come scientists cannot find a more effective way to decrease the failure rate of
Kass, Leon, and James Q. Wilson, eds. The ethics of human cloning. American Enterprise Institute, 1998.
---. “Animal Cloning—How Unethical Is It?- Final Draft.” UTSA: WRC 1023, 7 Mar 2014. Print.
McGee, Glenn, (2001). Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning. ActionBioscience.org. Retrieved October 3, 2004, from: http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/mcgee.html
...Because people see animal testing procedures as unethical and immoral, it’s important for them to consider what their health would be like without the process—potentially afflicted with incurable illnesses. Continuing the animal experimenting process can only prove beneficial in promoting fewer ailments and cures to existing and future diseases.
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. Every single bit of DNA is the same. There are three different types of cloning. Gene cloning produces copies of genes or fragments of DNA, reproductive cloning creates copies of whole animals, and therapeutic cloning builds embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues. In 1997 scientists in Scotland announced the birth of a clone. Its name was Dolly; after the American country singer. She was the clone of an adult female sheep, and the first mammal to ever be cloned successfully. As Dolly matured, she mated with a ram, and gave birth to a lamb showing that clones have the ability to reproduce. Dolly died at the age of six. According to Sheep 101, the life expectancy for a sheep is 10-12 years, but some sheep can live up to 20 years.
"Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry." The President's Council on Bioethics Washington, D.C. N.p., July-Aug. 2002. Web.
Genetic engineering on animals is the latest experimental practice used in the world of biomedical research. It has allowed the progression of human understanding towards the study of diseases and medicine. With the emergence of this technology, comes a wide range of ethical issues that need to be addressed, such as the welfare and the uncertainty of predisposed risk towards the animal. Furthermore, the current state of this practice in the United States is still new. Therefore, there is little regulation by the government along with the scientific community in enforcing specific guidelines to consider the welfare of the animals. The implication of the scarcity of regulating genetic engineering opens the possibilities of mistreatment of animals
The world is quickly reaching carrying capacity, which according to Edward O. Wilson is about ten thousand vegetarians, and we do not have enough food to provide for that number of people (Wolchover). According to At Issue, from the SIRS database, animal cloning is a form of reproductive cloning, the process of creating an exact replica of an organism or cell asexually. (At Issue). Some may say that animal cloning is unethical or that it is unnatural. I however, say that this is not true, animal cloning is done by a means which, unless your moral guidelines are more strict than the MLA format, should be perfectly ethical. Also, aside from the retrieval of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the donor animal, it is entirely natural. You may be thinking “how is choosing what animal gets reproduced natural” it is natural because aside from the artificial extraction of DNA, the animal is birthed naturally. Not only is animal cloning both
In arguing against cloning, the central debate is derived from the fact that this unnatural process is simply unethical. The alleged
In the article that I chose there are two opposing viewpoints on the issue of “Should Human Cloning Ever Be Permitted?” John A. Robertson is an attorney who argues that there are many potential benefits of cloning and that a ban on privately funded cloning research is unjustified and that this type of research should only be regulated. On the flip side of this issue Attorney and medical ethicist George J. Annas argues that cloning devalues people by depriving them of their uniqueness and that a ban should be implemented upon it. Both express valid points and I will critique the articles to better understand their points.
In recent years our world has undergone many changes and advancements, cloning is a primary example of this new modernism. On July 5th, 1995, Dolly, the first cloned animal, was created. She was cloned from a six-year-old sheep, making her cells genetically six years old at her creation. However, scientists were amazed to see Dolly live for another six years, until she died early 2005 from a common lung disease found in sheep. This discovery sparked a curiosity for cloning all over the world, however, mankind must answer a question, should cloning be allowed? To answer this question some issues need to be explored. Is cloning morally correct, is it a reliable way to produce life, and should human experimentation be allowed?
Genetic engineering of animals has become a hotly debated topic in both secular and religious settings because of recent technological advances in the field and the profound unnatural outcome of the process. In other words, genetic engineering in animals is a genetic development in organisms that is not in accordance with the laws of nature. Animals that have been genetically altered include micro-organisms such as yeast and fungi and others like mammals, insects, and plants. The primary areas of debate are the labling of GM (genetically modified) foods, the extent of government regulation in the process, concerns about the consequences of genetic modification, and the overall health and safety of animals being used for this system. Because of the countless benefits of pursuing and using genetically engineered animals, the system should continue but should also receive heightened regulation by the government to secure extended rights for animals and proper safety for humans.
Robinson, Bruce. “Human Cloning: Comments by political groups, religious authorities, and individuals.” 3 August 2001. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 1 October 2001 <http://www.religioustolerance.org/clo_reac.htm>.
When the news first came out in 1996, Dolly the sheep was a global phenomenon. After 277 attempts, she was the first mammal cloned from an udder cell taken from an adult sheep (Lerner 2014). The success of this experiment paved the way into the world of animal cloning for many researchers and scientists to search for multiple uses that cloning could provide. However, cloning also comes with complications and obstacles to overcome. The many methods, benefits, and successes of animal cloning have proved that this could someday become a norm in the world, but, by looking at some of the problems with cloning, it could also be an idea that could never make the big leagues.