Race soon became a tool for placing individuals on one side or the other of those boundaries. Boundaries instead of accommodation-binding communities became the norm. Instead of community-based strategies for negotiating alliances and coexistence, Native Americans and Euro-American settlers turned to once distrusted confederations or empires for support and protection. The Paxton Boys’ massacre at Conestoga in December 1763 is often used by scholars of Pennsylvania history to legitimize the creation of racial identities. The massacres committed by these frontier vigilantes are still used as the most prolific example of the collapse of Indian-white relations in Pennsylvania as well as the rise of racial attitudes in the backcountry population.
During the Seven Years’ War, the people of Paxton suffered the brunt of native warfare and repeatedly and pleadingly asked Quaker officials for military assistance to help defend their property and families. They never received any. Shortly thereafter, during Pontiac’s War, Paxton rangers traveled to the Wyoming Valley after learning about a massacre that occurred there. Instead of finding Indian warriors, however, they found a Connecticut settlement with disfigured bodies, dead animals, and the smoldering remains of their houses and barns. No longer willing to wait for government assistance, they preempted the next Indian attack by ultimately murdering all of the peaceful Indians at Conestoga and Lancaster. The murdering of the Conestoga Indians and the following march to Philadelphia is described in Krista Camenzind’s article, “Violence, Race, and the Paxton Boys” as “represet[ing] a crucial turning point in the history of Pennsylvania…[f]or the first time in the province’s history, a group of colonists engaged in an extralegal, large-scale, and organized act of racial violence.” Camenzind finds the often difficult topic of racism was rooted in gender. In other words, the Paxton Boys created a native enemy whom they racialized to justify the killing of unarmed men, women, and children as a legitimized act of manhood. The Paxton Boys inability to halt attacks on their own families during the Seven Years’ War led to a loss of patriarchal identities and a hatred of all Indians – friend and foe. Thus, “war, gender, race, and violence became inextricably intertwined,” the unification of these dynamics, “produced the Paxton Boys.”
The book Murdering McKinley: The Making of Theodore’s America by Eric Rauchway examines the murder of President William McKinley and the assassin’s motives that impacted America. Rauchway also reveals to us the making of Theodore’s America through a tragic event to show us how Roosevelt gave it meaning through the start of the Progressive Era with his own political agenda. McKinley’s policies came to and end bringing open doors to new policies on social reform. The book is a well-constructed written book that presents to the reader the story of what had occurred chronologically from the beginning of the assassination to the end of the murder’s life. The main issues that are presented in the book include the assassination of the President and
Colin G. Calloway’s The Scratch of a Pen 1763 and the Transformation of North America is a well researched, effective, and a creative story of North America during the year 1763. Calloway narrates his way through the year 1763 and talks about the effects on American History as a result of the Treaty of Paris 1763. The story illuminates the themes of racism, gender, and republicanism. Calloway has interesting techniques to approach important topics to show the topics significance. His book is very well researched and he cites a lot of different reliable sources to help make understanding the time period easier.
Karr 's famous epigram plus ça change, plus c 'est la même chose stuck with me throughout reading Stephen Ash 's A Massacre in Memphis: The Race Riot That Shook the Nation One Year After the Civil War. In 1866, during the uneasy aftermath of the Civil War, Memphis was swept by an orgy of racial violence. How did it start? Armed white policemen sparked a confrontation with a group of young black men – many of whom were Union veterans. Sound familiar? By the time the situation was brought under control, the grim tally was: 46 African-Americans and three whites killed, 75 blacks injured, five black women raped, 100 blacks robbed, 96 homes destroyed, as well as four black churches and twelve black schools burned to the ground. Of the African-American
In February 1998, Watertown, SD, was not bursting with riveting activity. Watertown had a population of 20,127 people in 1998, which is not much less than the 22,000 residents it has today. Brenda Barger was mayor of Watertown, SD, during the years of some of the worst flooding ever in Watertown. Although the little town of Watertown seems like the perfect rural town to raise a family, it’s not all butterflies and rainbows. On February 1, it was reported that two teenage girls were accused of beating a 47 year-old man to death in his home. David Paul Bauman died of a head injury caused by the girls. Bauman was currently unemployed and mildly disabled due to a car accident a number of years earlier (“2 Teen-agers Arrested in Watertown Killing”
Have you ever thought about having someone close to you pass away? In this exhilarating story death is something that could happen at any moment. Watt Key shows us in Terror at Bottle Creek that it's not about how bad you get knocked down but about the fight to get back up. The genre of this book is non-fiction. The book starts off with Cort and his father working to prepare for the level 5 hurricane coming their way. They live on a house boat in Louisiana. Cort and his father move all their things up to the neighbors house. Corts father takes off to see his ex-wife before the storm hits. The storm hits, and Cort is left without his father and with two younger girls and his dog. Corts dog runs off into the rain and Francie who is 8 runs after
The eastern frontier became the start of the “melting pot” due to many settlers coming in and settling in different areas in America. However, once people start migrating towards the west, everyone started to travel together and settle in together with people who were of the same race or ethnic group. Because many people settled together in the western frontier, racial tension rose between each group. For example, before the migration into the frontier, there was already discrimination between the whites and the Natives and blacks. Some wondered which race was better than the other, Natives or blacks, and what about Asians, how superior are the Asians, or the Hispanics (52). In the western frontier,...
Since the settling of the English colonies in the early 17th century, pioneers have been destined to expand into the North American frontier and to domesticate it with their Christian faith and progressive nature. In their exploration of the frontier, however, the Puritan colonists often encountered Indians whose savagery challenged their discipline and morals. Just as the colonists expanded, Indians also saw their native lands of many years vanish. The situation naturally compelled the Puritans and the Indians to fight each other for their mutual interests. Thus, while most accounts of Western history focus on the heathen threat, both Indians and colonists experienced the harshness of the captivity myth and its evolution into other mythology that defined American history.
Have you ever heard the term, “Don’t drink the Kool-Aid?” or “You have drank the Kool-Aid.”? Well, ”Drinking the Kool-Aid” means you have done something that others have told you to do or did yourself. This saying comes from the cult society led by Reverend Jim Jones, named Jonestown. Jonestown was a small community in the jungle of Guyana, South America. After getting word of people coming to investigate the society, Jones had committed a mass suicide by poisoning Kool-Aid and giving it to the people of Jonestown.
On March 5, 1770 a bloody conflict broke out that was later called the Boston Massacre. The Boston Massacre came to be when Edward Garrick a 13 year old apprentice taunted British sentry man Private Hugh White. Retaliating against the boy's insults Hugh White struck the child on the side of the head with his musket. Hearing garrick's cries of pain a large crowd gathered around Hugh White shouting and throwing things at him. Captain Thomas Preston was alerted of the situation and led six soldiers of the 29th regiment (and a non-commissioned officer) in Hugh's defense. The crowd grew larger as insults were thrown at both sides. The now mob-like crowd began throwing snowballs,ice, and sticks at the soldiers and threatening them with clubs. At
The Boston Massacre occurred on the fifth of March of 1770. The British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a mob of American colonists and ended with a result of 5 deaths. The angry colonists of the mob was responsible for the Boston Massacre. The protest was started because of the taxes that the British parliament passed. As arguments began to escalate so did aggravation.
The Boston Massacre of 1770 was an act where soldiers killed 5 colonists that were part of the crowd that was rising up against the soldiers. Some believe that the Boston Massacre was pure murder, but others know better, and I know that it was simply just an act of self-defense. According to Exhibits B, E, and H the colonists were the ones who started up this riot that took place at 9 pm, and became physically aggressive towards the soldiers. This means that not only is this riot not the soldiers fault. There is a scientific term called Herd Behavior. Herd Behavior is when a riot or crowd is together and a person suggests/ does something and the all of a sudden that is what everyone is doing. So according to Exhibit C, a colonist hit Captain
The Boston Massacre was one of the most important events that have ever taken place in Colonial America. It sparked the start of the Revolutionary War, which caused many of those loyal to Britain to rally with those who wanted freedom and it was considered a turning point for many colonists, to fight the British.
Racial formation can be defined as “the sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed” (Omi and Winant 55). Both Indians and African Americans were subject to this categorization of race. From Andrea Smith’s racial hierarchy system to Edward Countryman’s examination of projects of colonialism and slavery, the oppression of races, which connects both racialization and colonization, can be seen as the ideal in which the nation is built upon. The creation of racial representation, policies, and social structures seek to undermine other races as inferior, all the while justifying the acts of cruelty and deception in which the nation is founded on.
In “Broad Platform of Extermination” by Jacoby, the experience of the Apache tribe on the U.S.-Mexico Border is analyzed. “The complex mosaic of indigenous peoples in Arizona Territory, with their marked linguistic, political, and cultural differences, became reduced for most incoming settlers down to the two categories—peaceful or hostile—with the term Apache applied to any group believed to be among the latter.” (Jacoby, Page 252) “To many settlers, the solution to this “Apache” threat was correspondingly simple. “Extermination is our only hope, and the sooner the better,” declare...
Violence from Europeans during the colonization is a tactic used to keep the natives oppressed and a resistance minimal. The police officers and soldiers of the settlers used excessive force to show dominance and create an "atmosphere of submission" in native communities (Fanon, 38). European schools, churches, and economic societies were set up on colonized people's land. These acts of segregation and practices of European values were an insult to natives and helped fuel violent protests. Officers who would patrol the boarders between the two groups and political leaders would serve as a "go-between" person for negotiations (Fanon 62). Negotiations involving larger masses of bodies were feared to lead to aggression. Although the politic between these groups was a slow moving process, when native political or independence parties begin to immerge, the colonial governments will allow concede to some writes demanded by natives. Settlers did this to contr...