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The rise of communism in Russia
Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin's contribution to the Russian Revolution
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In his article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" George F. Kannan outlines the history that attempts to explain the conduct of the Soviet Union foreign policy and why it was viewed as unfriendly and secretive. Kennan then goes on to attempt to highlight the Soviets Union's political personality as it stood at the time (1947). Finally, Kennan suggests ways in which capitalist societies (in particular the United States) can successfully interact with the Soviet Union.
What caused Russia to be the way it was:
Firstly, Kennan points out the fact that it was believed that commOnism was not only politically and morally sperior but that it was also infallible. He then goes on to explain the belief held that not only did capitalism exploit the working class but that capitalism would eventually lead to its own downfall either as a result of war or revolution. The next significant fact that Kennan points out was Russia's need for a dictatorship. At first, it was in place to make sure that there were no left over remnants of capitalism. However after these sectors were removed, there grew a need to justify the presence and authority of the dictatorship. In order to do this, Russia made people feel as if they were under the constant threat of war bought on my the
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Kennan suggests that the Soviets should not be viewed as an immediate threat due to the states qualities such as patients, flexibility and deceptiveness. He believed that their method of spreading communism was one that involved an increasing but constant pressure on the rest of the world. Kennan does not imply that the Soviets had a preplanned timescale. He also goes on to suggest although the Soviet Union was perceived as highly sensitive to the force of others, it could not be defeated morally by a single loss to its
Kennan’s 4 points written in his assessment about the Soviets made some interesting observations about the threat to American interests. The first point was that the Soviets were “neither schematic nor adventuristic,” meaning they are illogical in their political threats. The second point was that the Americans were stronger than the Soviets. The third and fourth points deal with the power that the Soviets had via their “negative and destructive” propaganda. These assumptions concluded that Kennan
Throughout the 19th century, capitalism seemed like an economic utopia for some, but on the other hand some saw it as a troublesome whirlpool that would lead to bigger problems. The development of capitalism in popular countries such as in England brought the idea that the supply and demand exchange systems could work in most trade based countries. Other countries such as Russia thought that the proletariats and bourgeoisie could not co-exist with demand for power and land, and eventually resorted to communism in the early 20th century. Although many different systems were available to the countries in need of economic change, a majority of them found the right system for their needs. And when capitalist societies began to take full swing, some classes did not benefit as well as others and this resulted in a vast amount of proletariats looking for work. Capitalists societies are for certain a win-loss system, and many people did not like the change from having there society changed to a government controlled money hungry system. On the other hand, the demand for labor brought the bourgeoisie large profits because they could pay out as much as they wanted for labor.
The alliance formed between the US and USSR during the second world war was not strong enough to overcome the decades of uneasiness which existed between the two ideologically polar opposite countries. With their German enemy defeated, the two emerging nuclear superpowers no longer had any common ground on which to base a political, economical, or any other type of relationship. Tensions ran high as the USSR sought to expand Soviet influence throughout Europe while the US and other Western European nations made their opposition to such actions well known. The Eastern countries already under Soviet rule yearned for their independence, while the Western countries were willing to go to great lengths to limit Soviet expansion. "Containment of 'world revolution' became the watchword of American foreign policy throughout the 1950s a...
Therefore, establishing anti-Bolshevism in the United States was Robert F. Kelley’s mission. Kelley an Irish Catholic trained by Russian refugees ran the Eastern European Affairs division in the State Department (Leffler, The Specter of Communism, 19). Kelley’s intense dislike for the Bolsheviks demands that his aides join actively in his views. One of his service officers is George F. Kennan who joins in the close observation of Bolshevik destabilizing and expansionist activities that cause unrest in Mexico, Nicaragua, Cuba, Spain and Greece (Leffler, The Specter of Communism, 19). Was Kennan’s containment strategy thinking set off with Kelley’s training? Was Kennan’s awareness of the ongoing Russian Communist activities the basis for his ideas? History proves that George Kennan’s ideas on containment were the basis of NSC-68 and...
The political ideologies of the USA and of the Soviet Union were of profound significance in the development of the Cold War. Problems between the two power nations arose when America refused to accept the Soviet Union in the international community. The relationship between the USA and the Soviet Union was filled with mutual distrust and hostility. Many historians believe the cold war was “inevitable” between a democratic, capitalist nation and a communist Union. Winston Churchill called the cold war “The balance of terror” (1). Cold war anxieties began to build up with America and the Soviet Union advancing in the arms race for world dominance and supremacy. America feared the spread of Communism
I agree with this statement. The Cold War was not only brought about by Stalin’s stubbornness and paranoia, it was also fueled by the conflicting political ideologies between these two Superpowers. Stalin also had great influence over his people, allowing him to further spread Communism and ultimately allowed him to gain total control of his country. While mutual distrust between these countries before and during World War II does play a part in leading up to the Cold War, it is ultimately Stalin’s thirst for power, influence, and paranoia that was the catalyst for this war.
...rying to get across. Because he saw the country from the inside Kennan also believed the United Sates should " pursue a policy of firm containment…at every point where the Soviets show signs of encroaching upon the interest of a peaceful and stable world." This opinion and idea of the relationship between the United States and Russia should have been widely accepted by Americans. They backed this idea of aggressive behavior, rather than a passive approach to the Cold War. Conversely, postwar liberal such as Henry Wallace, "a Progressive Party leader, continued to seek cooperation with the Soviet Union and defended the participation of Communists in their organizations." These ideals were quickly silenced. The American majority, being extremely anti-communist, felt relations with the Soviet Union should be harsh and firm. This period introduced American dominance in foreign policy. The ideals of personal freedom and opportunity were the driving forces behind Western philosophy throughout the Cold War. Not only were these principles showcased, they were set as the benchmark of equality for the human race.
The cold war was failed by the Soviet Union for many reasons, including the sudden collapse of communism (Baylis & Smith, 2001.) This sudden collapse of communism was brought on ultimately by internal factors. The soviet unions president Gorbachev’s reforms: glasnost (openness) and perestroika (political reconstructering) ultimately caused the collapse of the Soviet Empire. Gorbachev’s basics for glasnost were the promotion of principles of freedom to criticize; the loosening of controls on media and publishing; and the freedom of worship. His essentials of perestroika were, a new legislature; creation of an executive presidency; ending of the ‘leading role’ of the communist party; allowing state enterprises to sell part of their product on the open market; lastly, allowing foreign companies to own Soviet enterprises (Baylis & Smith, 2001.) Gorbachev believed his reforms would benefit his country, but the Soviet Union was ultimately held together by the soviet tradition he was trying to change. The Soviet Union was none the less held together by “…powerful central institutions, pressure for ideological conformity, and the threat of force.
In 1945 the United States saw the Soviet Union as its principal ally. By 1947, it saw the Soviet Union as its principal opponent. The United States misunderstood the Soviet regime. .Despite much pretence, national security had not been a major concern of US planners and elected officials. historical records reveal this clearly. Few serious analysts took issue with George Kennan's position that "it is not Russian military power which is threatening us, it is Russian political power" ; or with President Eisenhower's consistent view that the Russians intended no military conquest of Western Europe and that the major role of NATO was to "convey a feeling of confidence to exposed populations, which was suposed to make them sturdier, politically, in their opposition to Communist inroads."
Lafeber, W. (2002), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-2000. 9th edn. New-York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
54-84 4LaFeber Walter, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-2002, Boston, 2004, pp.1-31.
Taubman, William. Stalin's American Policy: From Entente to Detente to Cold War. New York: Norton, 1982. Print.
Moreover, there was a formation of international capitalists who shared the world’s land and wealth. And, finally, there was a division of world among world’s biggest capitalist powers (Lenin
The political philosopher believed that communism could only thrive in a society distressed by “the political and economic circumstances created by a fully developed capitalism”. With industry and capitalism growing, a working class develops and begins to be exploited. According to Marx, the exploiting class essentially is at fault for their demise, and the exploited class eventually comes to power through the failure of capitalism.... ... middle of paper ...
...008, American economy suffered a great economic crisis known as “The Great Depression” that affected the country tremendously. This crisis comes from the greed of capitalists and lack of information and understanding of capitalism from the people. Each of us, especially the government, is responsible for allowing such crises to happen. Karl Marx’s critique serves as a guideline for us to understand capitalism and acknowledge its negative effects to our lives. By doing so, we can forecast future crises and preventing from happening.