Alcohols : An investigation into the heat of combustion of five alcohols
Planning
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Introduction
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I am trying to determine the heat of combustion for the first five alcohols, which are; ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol and hexanol.
I am trying to determine whether the amount of Carbon atoms on the molecule affects the heat energy given out by the molecule when burned. I believe that as the size of the molecule increases and the chain of carbons grows longer, then the heat energy given out will increase. I think that this is because when the molecule bonds are broken then they take in energy and then when the bonds are being made they give out energy. In a large molecule, more bonds are made so more energy is given out.
Apparatus
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· Clamp stand
· Clamp
· Copper calorimeter
· Spirit burner
· Matches
· Thermometer
· Ruler
· Metal safety tray
· Top pan balance (digital scales)
· Measuring cylinder
Method
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I will need to collect all of the above apparatus and then put it together like in the diagram below. I will weigh the alcohol I will be burning and then put it under the copper calorimeter. I will use a measuring cylinder to measure out 100cm3 into the copper calorimeter.
I will light my Flame, which will be 5cm under the calorimeter. I will use my thermometer to determine the temperature and then go up to 60°c because that is how much I will change the temperature by. When the water has risen to 60°c I will then put the lid on the spirit burner to extinguish the flame and then I will weigh the spirit burner again.
By taking the new weight from the original weight I can then work out how much of the alcohol has been used. I will then repeat this experiment another four times with the other alcohols until I have done all five. I will repeat this twice to gain another set of results so I can compare them and identify trends and patterns consistent in both sets of results.
How I will make my experiment a fair test
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There is not really that much I can do to help make this experiment a fair test but I will; cool the copper calorimeter completely down by running it under cold water for a few minutes so that the water doesn't get warmed up by being in contact with it. I will also make sure that I have 100cm3 of water each time in the calorimeter. The temperature will always go up to 60° each time as well. I will also keep the height of the calorimeter at 5cm each time.
To continue the experiment further I can use a different source of light to test the intensity of light. For the food coloring experiment, I could use a different food color such as yellow or orange to test.
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Depending on how much water we use, it depends on how long it takes to heat up. If we heat a large volume of water it will take longer to heat up, as there will be more molecules for the heat from the spirit burner to give energy to, it will take longer for the water molecules to get enough energy to loosen and break, so the reaction will be slower. If we only use a small volume of water the heat energy from the spirit burner will give the water molecules energy faster as there will be less of them so more heat energy per molecule, this means the bonds will loosen and break quicker so the reaction will be faster. Distance between spirit burner and Copper Calorimeter: The further the copper calorimeter is from the heat source, the more heat will be lost into the surrounding atmosphere and not directed towards the water and the slower the reaction will be.
one gram of water by 1ºC. I chose to use water because it is safe,
= 3 ´ E(C-H) + 1 ´ E(C-O) + 1 ´ E(O-H) + 1.5 ´ E(O=O)
Investigating Factors Affecting the Heat of Combustion of Alcohols PLANNING SECTION Introduction ------------ Alcohols are organic substances, and consist of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. All alcohols are toxic but the amount that can be tolerated by the human body varies for different alcohols. For example drinking small amounts of Methanol can lead to blindness and even death.
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