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Critiques on foul discipline and punishment
Theory of Michel Foucault
Foucault to discipline and punish
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Panopticism, as defined by Michel Foucault in his book Discipline and Punish, is (as proposed by Jeremy Bentham) a circular building with an observation tower in the centre of an open space surrounded by an outer wall. The idea behind this social theory that subjects, being watched by an upper power, always have either complete freedom or none at all. How can they have both you might ask? The subjects cannot see if someone is or isn’t watching them, therefore they should always act at there best. It is almost as if they are on the bad side of a double sided mirror,
This gives a whole new view to being a subject. It isn’t being an observed person in a little Psychology experiment as much as it is never knowing who is watching you or what fate the “upper hand” may have in store for them. Being a subject, or “subjectivity” if you will, is more than just being watched. It puts you in a position that you are no longer an individual, but rather an object that is placed under specific conditions for the sole purpose of the experience. To many people, this theory could lead their lives and what they do in it for fear that the upper power.
If we look at the beliefs of Christianity, its subjects believe that God will see something that is frowned upon thus closing their chance at heaven upon becoming deceased, or even lead to certain consequences in the near future known as karma. Though it is not proven that there is a heaven or God, many hold strong to their beliefs on the subject, though they cannot see said upper hand.. Due to the belief that God is watching, his believers know that committing sin (such as adultery and wrath) is such a move that could potentially be “frowned upon.” However, they also have the choice of going to confe...
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...er anyone could have basically “playing God” as it were in Chuck Jones’ “Duck Amuck.” He would also believe that Walt Kowalski used subjectivity to his advantage in getting what he wanted, (even if they were just little chores at times) and in turn made an all in the process out of Thao, thus increasing his power. Knowledge is the basis of all power, and when the subjects are blinded as to who has the power, they have no way of stopping it.
Works Cited
Eastwood, Clint, dir. Gran Torino. Warner Bros., 2008. Film. 30 Mar 2014.
Foucault, Michel. "Panopticism." Discipline and Punish. (1975): n. page. Print.
Giroux, Susan Searls, and Jeffrey Nealon. "Subjectivity."Theory Toolbox: Critical Concepts for the
Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences. (2011): n. page. Print.
Jones, Charles M., dir. "Duck Amuck." Looney Tunes. Warner Bros. Pictures: 28 Feb 1953.
Television.
xvi) On the same exact page Hill states, “Christian ethics does not involve either or analysis as if we could choose between holiness, justice and love, but rather a synthesis in which all three conditions must be met before an action can be considered moral.” The Bible recognizes this concept by saying, “If we deliberately keep on sinning after we have received the knowledge of the truth, no sacrifice for sins is left.” (Hebrews
Upon analyzing his experiment, Stanley Milgram, a Yale psychologist, concludes that people will drive to great lengths to obey orders given by a higher authority. The experiment, which included ordinary people delivering “shocks” to an unknown subject, has raised many questions in the psychological world. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the University of California and one of Milgram’s colleagues, attacks Milgram’s ethics after he completes his experiment in her review. She deems Milgram as being unethical towards the subjects he uses for testing and claims that his experiment is irrelevant to obedience. In contrast, Ian Parker, a writer for New Yorker and Human Sciences, asserts Milgram’s experiments hold validity in the psychological world. While Baumrind focuses on Milgram’s ethics, Parker concentrates more on the reactions, both immediate and long-term, to his experiments.
Foucault, Michel. “Panopticism.” Ways of Reading. Fifth ed. Ed. David Barholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999, 312-342. Print.
Ever feel as though someone is watching you? You know that you are the only one in a room, but for some reason you get an eerie feeling that you are not alone? You might not see anyone, but the eyes of a stranger could be gazing down on you. In Foucault's "Panopticism," a new paradigm of discipline is introduced, surveillance. No one dares to break the law, or do anything erroneous for that matter, in fear that they are being watched. This idea of someone watching your every move compels you to obey. This is why the idea of Panopticism is such an efficient form of discipline. The Panopticon is the ideal example of Panopticism, which is a tool for surveillance that we are introduced to in “Panopticism.” Kurt Vonnegut's "Harrison Bergeron," has taken the idea of surveillance one step further. The government not only observes everyone, but has complete control over society. The citizens of the United States cannot even think for themselves without being interrupted by the government. They are prisoners in their own minds and bodies. The ideals of “Panopticism” have been implemented to the fullest on society in Vonnegut’s "Harrison Bergeron," through physical and mental handicaps.
Those participating were also led to believe that their contribution went to a worthy cause – to advance knowledge and understanding of learning processes. They were also told that the victim (the learner), was taking part voluntarily meaning they had an obligation to fulfill even if it became unpleasant (also applies to the teacher). Additionally, the volunteers were being paid, which created a further sense of commitment to the investigation. Those who took part also had little knowledge about how psychological experiments ran, as Milgram’s study was most likely the first one they ever partook in. Therefore, they had little knowledge about the rights and expectations of the situation, and felt more confined than if they had been through a similar experience prior.
...rdens, however, are intangible and cannot be helped. So often the men wished to be released from their burdens. They dreamed of a “flight, a kind of fleeing, a kind of falling, falling higher and higher, spinning off the edge of the earth and beyond the sun through the vast, silent vacuum where there were no burdens and where everything weighed exactly nothing” (O’Brien 349). These burdens are almost unbearable, and yet, they appear to have required the perfect balance and posture. That is, essentially, the goal of the panopticon. The power of observation, placed on them by the social structure of society, is so immense that the soldiers are forced to respond by monitoring themselves. For fear of being ashamed or embarrassed, the soldiers over-monitor to the extent that they have given up complete control. The power of their actions at war no longer belongs to them.
...beral - perhaps amoral - society, adultery can be justified if we are truly in love or somehow deceived in marriage. There are many in our society today that would teach that adultery is not a great sin, but rather the guilt is the sin. They would say, "I am no devil, for there is none." In general, if you declare something not to be a sin, or at least a justifiable sin, you can do away with the guilt. According to Christian theology, however, there is a catch that states, in 1 Corinthians 32:12, "For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known." When we know of our self-deception perfectly, hell has arrived, the day has passed, and we are no longer able to repent. From a Christian's perspective, you can deny or disagree with what God declares to be sin, but only temporarily ...
Everyone unconsciously follows the crowd and obeys until one person steps out to help then they all help. With obedience to authority it’s the same thing of feeling like you have to obey even though what you could be doing is inhumane or hurtful to others. Both of these experiments show people looking to follow and feeling as if they have to conform and do what they are being told whether it be an unconscious/ silent agreement or a spoken
Michel Foucault's "Panopticism" is based on the architectural concept of the panopticon. Foucault extended this concept to create a new sort of authority and disciplinary principle. His idea was that of the anonymous watchers hold in and has the power to influence the ones being watched. This concept is two fold – it is subject to the person being watched not being able to know when they are being watched and to the rules of society places on individuals on how they should act in a given situation. This idea can be applied to every day life, like how we set up testing rooms for students or when reading literary works such as Dracula by Bram Stoker. In Dracula, there are power differentials caused by a character or characters "seeing" what others do not and caused by societal constructions.
Objective Moral Truths are truths that are thought to be true regardless of how an individual feels or thinks about those truths. An example of an Objective Moral truth is that a diet lacking of nutritional foods like sodas and Twinkies will not allow for a long, healthy life. This example is accepted by all persons regardless of their feelings or thoughts about fat enriched foods. The theory of Objective Moral Truths is often debated alongside the theory of Subjectivism and the Divine Command Theory. The theory of Subjectivism claims that truths are based on the person’s attitudes and feelings. This can be seen in any situation in which there is a preference. An example would be my preference for the comedic television show Psych is better than the serious, drama show The Mentalist. This example is
NLT). We are not to walk away from sin we are to run! God makes it clear. Sin is not a bargaining tool that we allow certain sins to be more deadly than others are. Sin is sin.
In the Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo, he gathered a group of students and he designated half of them to play the role of the guards and they other half were to be the prisoners. The ‘prisoners’ were assigned identification numbers and were only called upon by these numbers; while the guards were given uniforms. The anonymity of the guards made them feel like they had limitless power and they could do as they wish with no repercussions as their true identity would never be revealed (The milgram experiment video). As the experiment progressed the guards became more and more abusive towards the prisoners and tortured them as well. The guards were “being creatively abusive, night and day, in ways that went far beyond their instructions, such as leaving ‘prisoners’ in solitary confinement for long period and sadistically manipulating them physcologically with lies and shaming” (Aron 3). We can learn through this experiment how anonymity can make people commit bad actions they wouldn’t do if they weren’t anonymous, as we observe the inhumane actions of the guards. Similar results were produced in the research of psychologist Stanley Milgram. Milgram’s research made it blatant, that when the responsibility of your actions are taken off you, you can turn into an entirely different person. The experiment
...e concept of panopticon is enough in our society to insure discipline when he says, “A real subjection is born mechanically from a fictitious relation. So it is not necessary to use force to constrain the convict to good behavior, the madman to calm, the worker to work, the schoolboy to application, the patient to the observation of the regulations. Bentham was surprised that panoptic institutions could be so light: there were no more bars, no more chains, no more heavy locks” (Foucault 289). Only thing that our society needs today to make it a better place is panopticon. This is exactly what Foucault is saying when he says, “panoptic institutions could be so light”. People in our society are just like the prisoners inside the panopticon. We think that some is watching from the tower and we behave properly similar to the traffic rules example that I talked about.
This idea’s prominence in The Pie, a short story by Gary Soto, is very clear. The young boy in the story, although he generally acted “holy in every bone” (Soto 1), steals an apple pie. After he finishes the pie, he feels paranoid and extremely guilty. He “knew enough about Hell to keep [him] from stealing” (Soto 1) – he can understand that stealing is a sin. However, he follows through and steals it, since he decides that the pie would have been “the best thing [he’d] ever tasted” (Soto 1). Enjoying the pie, he contemplates what he does. In spite of knowing that stealing was reprehensible and that he would regret it, he still stole the pie since he saw a perceived bonus for doing so.
"The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act"(Blass, 2009, p101). This is what Stanley Milgram, an American social psychologist, said after conducting the famous obedience experiment. The participants of the experiment were told to deliver electric shocks ranging from 30 to 450 volts to the other person. The participants could see the other person suffering as the intensity of the shock goes up. They could either follow or deny the order from the instructor, but the instructor kept telling them to raise the shock at each level. With this study, Milgram compared and contrasted the relationship