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History of vaccinations
History of vaccinations
History of vaccinations
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During the frigid winter months, the flu takes ahold of the entire country, constraining it in a cough-ridden, congested grasp until taking its leave in the warm months of spring. Several strains of the influenza virus compose collectively of the flu, and these strains mutate — or alter their genetic composition — as the virus creeps into and out of the people and animals it infects. Throughout the year, researchers and doctors scramble to find the most effective prevention for the evasive flu so that one may not feel its wrath. Their main weapon, the vaccination, comes with an apprehensiveness that extends beyond a dread of needles. For the vaccine’s dependence on a prediction, many blast the injection as ineffective and temporary: the flu virus’ mutations necessitate the development of a new shot every year. (Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine, CDC.gov) Others contend that the shot can harm as much as the virus itself, pointing to the potential for allergic reactions and sometimes severe side effects as evidence. With the risk of side effects and unclear effectiveness in mind, many will elect to either not vaccinate or seek treatment after the flu hits; a common treatment for the flu, the antiviral, disintegrates the virus after it strikes, yet its effectiveness has increasingly declined. While the flu vaccination does not provide comprehensive protection against the influenza virus, the vaccine, in conjunction with other precautionary — not reactionary — measures, provides the needed defense against contraction. Additionally, while a potential recipient should weigh the risk of side-effects and allergic reactions, a doctor can predict allergic reactions by the patient’s medical history and by running tests; other side-effect...
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...out Seasonal Flu Vaccine." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Nov. 2013. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. .
Kwok, Roberta. "Vaccines: The Real Issues in Vaccine Safety." Nature 473 (2011): 436-38. Print.
"Vaccination & Vaccine Safety." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. .
"Vaccine Effectiveness - How Well Does the Flu Vaccine Work?" Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, 31 Jan. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. .
"What You Should Know About Flu Antiviral Drugs." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Sept. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. .
CDC (2007, 02) Community strategy for pandemic influenza mitigation in the United States Retrieved from http://www.flu.gov/planning-preparedness/community/community_mitigation.pdf
“Flu Studies Point to Isolation for Prevention." Morning Edition 3 Apr. 2007. World History in Context. Web. 9 Mar. 2014.
Current influenza vaccines are about 70% to 90% effective in preventing influenza in healthy adults. Since the vaccines are made of dead fragments of influenza viruses, they cannot cause influenza. The strains of influenza that circulate change every year and therefore, it is necessary to make a new influenza vaccine annually. After vaccination, the body's immune system produces antib... ... middle of paper ... ...
"Pandemic Flu History." Home. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. 23 Mar.
Fig. 1. Fine epitope mapping of anti-H5 2A-scFvFc antibody. A. Flow cytometry profiles for immunoreactivity of single-clone HA1-M mutants displayed on the surface of yeast. Single point mutations that abolish yeast surface binding of anti-H5 2AscFvFc were analyzed and mapped to distinct regions of HA1. B. Schematic representation of the epitopes recognized by anti-H5 2AFc to HA1 on the yeast surface. Amino acid positions are designated in H5 numbering. A linear epitopes (aa 206-211) recognized by 2AFc is colored in red. The regions encompassing the receptor-binding domain are colored in cyan.
To get the flu vaccine or not to get the flu vaccine? This is a huge controversial question millions of Americans today ask themselves every year. There are many myths that come along with the topic of the flu vaccine that lead to people questioning the effectiveness of the medication. Safety for our families and loved ones is what we aim to achieve, but what are the pros and cons of this vaccine? What are the consequences and what are myths, but most importantly: what are the reasons we should get it in the first place? In this paper you will learn the many reasons for the flu vaccination and how it affects different populations beginning with children all the way to the elderly population. First of all, what is the flu vaccine and its purpose? According to Wikipedia, The influenza vaccination is an annual vaccination using a vaccine specific for a given year to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. Each influenza vaccine contains antigens representing three (trivalent vaccine) or four (quadrivalent vaccine) influenza virus strains: one influenza type A subtype H1N1 virus strain, one influenza type A subtype H3N2 virus strain, and either one or two influenza type B virus strains. Influenza vaccines may be given as an intramuscular injection, also known as a flu shot, or as a nasal spray.
Influenza is very contagious and spreads rapidly from person to person. Influenza causes worldwide yearly epidemics. According to World Health organization Influenza affects 5-15% world’s population and resulting in 500,000 deaths yearly. Ottenberg stated that, in United States, an average of 200,000 were hospitalized and 36,000 died each year from influenza complications. Influenza is the sixth leading cause of death among US adults and is related to 1 in 20 death in persons older than 65 years. Disease control and prevention estimates indicate that infections like H1N1 which is one of the types of influenza, have resulted in an estimated 42 to 86 million cases and 8520 to 17620 deaths. As I mentioned earlier that infections like influenza are very contagious, they can spread easily from hcw to Patient and back to hcw. The most efficient and effective method of preventing influenza infection is vaccination(The best way to prevent influenza is with annual vaccination).(Sullivan,2010) (Gregory,Tosh &Jacobson, 2005). Motivated by a desire to actively avoid illness Influenza may increase the risk for death in people with existing heart, lung, or circulation disorders. In fact, the higher than average number of winter deaths in people with heart disease may be due only to the occurrence of influenza during those months.Vaccination provides immunity to fight against infection.To increase resistance to harm by modifying the environment to minimize preventable illness (NEED TO CHANGE WORDING)
“Seasonal Flu Shot.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.gov, 21 Sept. 2011. Web. 19 Jan. 2012
How Do Vaccines Work? How Do Vaccines Work? Department of Health, Jan. 2011. Web. The Web.
Hvistendahl, M, Cohen, J et. al. 2013. ‘New Flu Virus in China Worries and Confuses’ Science 340: 129-130
Gardam and Lemieux (2013) state that the effectiveness of the current influenza vaccine has been exaggerated in the medical literature and media. The seasonal flu shot protects against the three or four influenza viruses that researchers indicate will be most common during the upcoming season (CDC, p.1, 2015). The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 2013’s vaccine was “only 55% effective against laboratory-confirmed influenza A and 70% effective against influenza B” (Gardam & Lemieux, 2013). Health care providers receiving the flu vaccination does not guarantee that patients may not be affected by different strains. Additionally HCP are not the only individuals who may expose patients to these pathogens, visiting family, and community members can also play a
An estimated 36,000 people in the United States die each year of influenza-related illness, therefore, increasing influenza vaccination rates among high-risk groups is a public health priority. Noel T., B., & Hallman, W. K. (2006). In the case study, Influenza Vaccine Shortage, a young college student is faced with a dilemma, when she fears she may not receive a greatly needed influenza vaccine. Alison, a 19-year-old who suffers with moderately severe asthma, desperately requires an influenza vaccine in order to greatly reduce her risk of contracting the virus. In the past, Alison has been hospitalized as the result of an infectious cold and significant merciless asthma attacks. Consequently, contracting the influenza virus presently will deteriorate
Unlike the flu shot for children, scientists have developed two flu shots for the geriatric population. There are two options for the elderly to receive: “the regular dose flu shot and the higher-dose flu shot designed specifically for people 65 and older” (U.S. Department of Health &Human Services, 2014). Though dramatically affected by the flu, the elderly have more than one shot to help prevent potential death by the influenza.
Every year around the month of October the community, employers and health care workers are asked to take the Influenza Vaccine. The vast majority of the time people wonder, what happens if a healthcare worker doesn’t get vaccinated, are there really any harm being done? Pl’s (2010) article, “Influenza vaccination in healthcare worker: should it be mandatory? “goes in depth about n the article what exactly is the influenza vaccine, elimination of barriers of vaccination and is it even worth it for health care workers.
Influenza is a very serious disease that can lead to hospitalization and even fatalities. There are many different strands, infecting people of all ages and originating from different animals, which can be extremely fatal if the right care isn’t provided. Care for flu patients have changes tremendously over the years from once having no vaccine to having a limited amount of vaccines, only for the most prone individuals, to now having yearly vaccines to prevent the most common cases of flu. Doctors have learned just how deadly the flu virus can be which has led to the importance of them educating their patients of the flu virus and explaining the importance of getting the vaccine in order for their bodies to get an immunity of the many flu viruses that many in our country have previously faced. Many in our county in the past have died from the H1N1 virus due to no vaccines, poor precautions, and being uneducated on the virus because it was new, but new vaccines and precautions are being taken in order to prevent pandemics such as the Flu Pandemic of 1918.