Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Influenza A virus thesis
Influenza A virus thesis
Influenza A virus thesis
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Influenza A virus thesis
Fig. 1. Fine epitope mapping of anti-H5 2A-scFvFc antibody. A. Flow cytometry profiles for immunoreactivity of single-clone HA1-M mutants displayed on the surface of yeast. Single point mutations that abolish yeast surface binding of anti-H5 2AscFvFc were analyzed and mapped to distinct regions of HA1. B. Schematic representation of the epitopes recognized by anti-H5 2AFc to HA1 on the yeast surface. Amino acid positions are designated in H5 numbering. A linear epitopes (aa 206-211) recognized by 2AFc is colored in red. The regions encompassing the receptor-binding domain are colored in cyan.
Specific Aim 3. Define the neutralization escape pathways for each neutralizing Mab. Are there common or unique pathways for each Mab. Is it a stochastic process or does it follow a defined, reproducible pathway due to genetic constraints.
Aim 3 studies and progress:
We have aimed to generate escape mutants under the selection of our highly potent neutralizing antibody F10 which has been extensively characterized for structural insights into the mechanisms of epitope-specific neutralization. This F10 antibody is particularly valuable for the immune-driven viral evolution studies as this antibody targets highly conserved pocket in the stem region shared with the diverse influenza subtyupes and function critical for viral fusion. Therefore, characterizing permitted evolutionary routes of the virus over the course of F10-type immune selection may serve as templates for the design of universal influenza vaccine and treatment strategies against all types of influenza viruses including those emergent pandemic strains. Selection of VN/04 (H5N1) or A/PR/8 virus escape mutants with F10 antibody was performed in MDCK cells under conditio...
... middle of paper ...
...nd effects on clinical response and outcome of infections with immune-driven escape mutants. Defining neutralization escape pathways for potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies may further serve as templates for the design of vaccines against HPAI virus H5N1.
Plans:
1. We continue to elucidate mechanism of antibody-mediated viral neutralization by defining the epitopes of a panel of neutralizing and cross-neutralizing anti-H5 antibodies using a yeast display system and crystal structure of mAbs in complex with antigens.
2. We will continue to perform immune-driven escape mutant studies to generate viral escape mutants under the selection of a number of a high affinity, potent neutralizing mAbs that map to different epitopes. The mutant HA genes will be sequenced and the structural changes that resulted in neutralization escape will be determined.
In 1989, Fogleman et al. analyzed the uncoating and penetration of Simian virus (SV 40). It uses the ganglioside...
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common virus in the United States that can infect almost any individual. Cytomegalovirus is also referred to as Herpesvirus-5, which belongs to a branch of Herpesviridae family. Herpesviridae has a spherical shape that contains four significant elements that are important to the viron. The four elements are the core, tegument, capsid and the envelope. Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae are three subfamilies which belong to Herpesviridae. Cytomegalovirus belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae family, which also include Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus. The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes Simplexvirus, Varicellovirus, Mardivirus and Iltovirus genera. The Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily contains Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus genera. The diameter size of the virus is based on each specific family; however, the core remains the same throughout the species, which contains single layer of double stranded DNA tightly condensed in the capsid. In the tegument component, there are 30 or more viral proteins that are shapeless that encompass the capsid. Out of the four major components, the tegument has the most poorly defined structure. On the other hand, the capsid is a well-defined structure that is an icosahedron, which is composed of 162 capsomeres, 12 of which are pentons and 150 are hexons (1). Last but not least, the liquid envelope surrounds the tegument with approximately 10 glycoprotein and cellular proteins. Each subfamily under the herpesviriade has its own arrangement between the liquid envelop and the tegument layer.
However due to globalization, import and export viruses is more easily transmitted. Over the past century the global community especially Asian has been affected with new strains of the influenza virus. The changes in the virus can occur in two ways “antigenic drift” which are gradual changes in the virus over time. This change produces new strains that the antibody may not recognize. “Antigenic shift” On the other is a sudden change in the influenza virus which ‘’ results in a new influenza A subtype or a virus with a hemagglutinin or a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase combination that has emerged from an animal population,” as seen with H5N1 virus. This change leaves people defenseless against this new virus. (CDC, 2013) Currently there is no vaccine to combat all strains therefore “Planning and preparedness for implementing mitigation strategies during a pandemic requires participation by all levels o...
Schulman, Joshua M., and David E. Fisher. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Aug. 0005. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
Omer, S. B., Salmon, D.A., Orenstein, W. A., deHart, M. P., & Halsey, N. (2009). Vaccine
It is necessary in order to understand Avian Flu's impacts on society to first understand what H5N1 influenza is. Like any virus, influenza viruses cannot reproduce on their own the way bacteria can. Technically, viruses aren’t even alive because in order for them to reproduce, they must take over the living cell of another organism. This makes all viral diseases notoriously hard to cure because modern research has yet to reveal a medication or procedure that can kill a virus without killing its host. The best medications that we currently have available to treat viruses can only prevent the virus fro...
The influenza virus is an enveloped virus that contains a genome of eight genes that define what the virus is. Everything begins when the virus enters the airways. Here, influenza viruses specifically attach to the surface of epithelial cells. The viral membrane envelope contains the neuraminidase (NA) protein, which is important for the efficient release of newly produced viruses. It also contains the matrix 2 (M2) ion channel that promotes viral structural changes during cellular entry as well as the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein, the key player for viral internalization, which facilitates viral binding to sialic acid decorated receptors on host cells, causing adsorption to the host cell (Samji, p. 3). Barry compares the HA proteins to little spikes and the NA proteins to tiny trees that both protrude all around the surface of the virus (p. 103). When the HA protein spikes come into contact with the sialic acid molecules, both structures bind to one another. Once this binding holds the virus and host cell together, the virus has achieved its first task of adsorption. Next, the virus particles are internalized into endosomes by clathrin mediated endocytosis. The pH of the endosomes drops tr...
“Selecting the Viruses in the Seasonal Influenza (Flu) Vaccine.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.gov, 9 March 2011. Web. 19 Jan. 2010
“This knowledge will help us design drugs that mimic the viral effects on these proteins to either activate a host’s immune response or shut it down,” said Dr. Michael Gale, associate ...
In order to decide whether or not the swine flu vaccine is completely necessary, one must first gain a better understanding of the topic. It is a scientifically known fact that the swine flu is a result of a virus. A virus is a capsule of genetic material that causes infection in the body. The infectious particles are made up of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell, called a capsid. It cannot be considered a living organism like the disease causing agent of bacteria, because it does not carry out all the characteristics of life. Specifically, it cannot reproduce on its own.
...antibody responses and protect against HIV infection, boosting up the T cell response to control viral replication and handling the problem of enormous HIV diversity are crucial elements in the pursuit of an HIV vaccine. Immune correlates of the modestly efficient RV144 trial have identified the V1V2 region to be the target of neutralizing antibodies and follow up studies are underway to evaluate multiple prime-boost regimens which will generate more data and insights in to the development of a vaccine. Recent discovery of bnAbs has provided a new and exciting avenue for designing an efficient vaccine. Unique approaches like B-cell lineage vaccine and AAV vector vaccines to elicit bnAb responses are being studied. By and large, this is a tremendously motivating period for HIV vaccine researchers, one that spawns more optimism markedly higher than in preceding years.
Sherin, Jonathan E., and Charles B. Nemeroff. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 02 Mar. 0006. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.
The DENV envelope protein E, which is found on the virus surface, has a role as a mediating factor in the initial attachment of the virus to the host cell. Further, several cellular proteins and carbohydrate molecules that act as attachment factors interacting with the viral envelope protein E have been identified. These factors allow the virus population to concentrate on the cell surface thus increasing their chance of access to their target cellular receptor(s). Some of these known molecules that interact with the vi...
In 1918-19 approximately 50 million deaths were a detriment of the Spanish H1N1 virus pandemic; a respiratory virus. According to the World Health Organization, the second Influenza A H1N1 pandemic in 2009 spread to more than 200 countries causing more than 18 000 deaths. Before the World Health Organization had announced the official end of the pandemic in August 2010, in July 2009 the World Health Organization sent out a phase 6 warning that H1N1 could soon be a global pandemic. It is important to recognize that the 2 different outbreaks had different A/H1N1strains effecting the world population; this suggests A/H1N1has a high ability for mutation, severely complicating the human body’s natural immune mechanism of antigenic drift. (Qi-Shi Du et al., 2010)
Josefsberg, J. O. and Buckl. 2012. Vaccine process technology. Biotechnology and bioengineering, 109 (6), pp. 1443--1460.