Albrecht Dürer (1471 - 1528) was born May 21, 1471 in the city of Nuremberg, Germany. At the age of twelve Dürer became an apprentice of his father’s, a master goldsmith. Not only did he learn to shape the metal, but he also honed his skills of design and drawing. Dürer had drawn his first self-portrait at thirteen simply from his reflection in the mirror. In 1486, at age fifteen, Dürer decided to switch professions, becoming the apprentice for the town’s principle and most successful painter Michael Wolgemut. Dürer studied many mediums including painting, copper engraving, and wood carving. In 1490 Dürer finished his apprenticeship and traveled as a journeyman throughout northern Europe for four years before returning back home to Nuremberg in 1494.
In July 1494 Dürer was married, an arrangement that was while he was touring Europe. Dürer was married to the daughter of a merchant Agnes Frey. Agnes used a dowry to help Dürer start his own shop, and her family introduced him to many of the elites in the city. Agnes also assisted him in selling his art, taking some of his works to other cities and posing as a model for some of his paintings.
Dürer became extremely interested in making new art, based upon mathematics, as it would become the backbone of his art and a pillar of his legacy. in 1495 Dürer visited Venice, he would return to Nuremberg with Euclid’s Elements and Vitruvius’ De Architectura as the basis of his studies. This was the beginning of Dürer’s perspective experiments and mathematical human proportion. The Venetian artist Jacob de Barbari came to Nuremberg to assist Dürer with those new studies, as Dürer would create a series of drawings leading up to his famous Adam and Eve (1504) engraving, showing his full und...
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• Albrecht Dürer - Rare Book Collections – National Library of Scotland at http://www.nls.uk/collections/rare-books/collections/Dürer
• The Strange World of Albrecht Dürer at http://www.clarkart.edu/exhibitions/Dürer/content/about-the-artist.cfm
• Albrecht Dürer Biography at http://www.albrecht-Dürer.org/biography.html
• Historical Anatomies on the Web: Albrecht Dürer at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/Dürer_home.html
• Feature Column from the AMS at http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-alberti1
• St.Jerome in his Study with Perspective Lines at http://www.evl.uic.edu/davidson/1997/Nails_String/One_Point2.html
• The Polygons of Albrecht Dürer at http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1205/1205.0080.pdf
• Albrecht Dürer – Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer
Durer based the figure of Adam from the Appolo Belvedere sculpture from the Classic Antiquity. Measurements were taken by Durer so, that he could create Adam to resemble the Appolo Belvedere.
Which is why there was a focus on paintings to look more naturalistic, just as Greek and Rome did with statues of human figures (being accurate by giving a variance to posture and giving the proper portion). The Statue of Diadoumenos (Metmuseum.org) is an example of naturalism and if compared with the painting of Adam and Eve from artist Albrecht Dürer (metmusem.org), who found interest in “the idea that the perfect human form corresponded to a system of proportion and measurements.” Renaissance humanism began to break from the mold of being reliant on a religious figure or text; they believed that everything could be solved without religion and through nature. It was reflective of Greek thought in literature from prominent figures such as Socrates and
Albrecht Durer was born on May 21, 1471 in the city of Nuremberg, Germany. His parents were Albrecht Durer and Barbara Holper. “His father was a successful goldsmith, originally named Ajtósi, who in 1455 had moved to Nuremberg from Ajtós, Hungary”(Strieder). His Father married Barbara Holper who was actually the daughter of his goldsmith master. Durer was one of fourteen to eighteen brothers and sisters, many of which died young. At the age of thirteen Durer was educated at the Lateinschule in St Lorenz and also worked as an apprentice under his father and was fortunate enough to be familiar and have relationships with some of the greatest metal smiths of his generation.
In the years 1513 and 1514, Albrecht Durer completed what is now known together as the “Master Engravings,” Knight, Death, and Devil; St. Jerome in His Study; and Melencolia I. In general each print represents a different philosophical perspective on the “worlds respectively, of action, spirit and intellect.
Da Vinci was one of the first artists to incorporate mathematics into his works of art. In the book titled Leonardo on Painting by Martin Kemp, it states that Da Vinci used angle measures to further increase the realism of his works of art. One example given by the book is about the angle of light, when light hits a shape or face at a certain angle it creates a specific shadow, that shadow allows the object to appear more three-dimensional. Another example of how Di Vinci displays his knowledge in mathematics through his art can be found in the painting the last supper, in this painting he drew the celling as more of a trapezoidal shape to make the back wall appear further away from the table rather than having the table appear to be placed directly in front of the back wall. According to Leonardo on Painting, Historians are in constant debate on whether or not his shift in art styles had any correlation with the time period he lived in, which as we all know is considered the renaissance period. Historians say that the renaissance period was a period of time in which philosophy and experimentation and free thinking trailed the minds of the people living during that
After failing his high school exams, Maurits ultimately was enrolled in the School for Architecture and Decorative Arts in Haarlem After only one week, he informed his father that he would rather study graphic art instead of architecture, as he had shown his drawings and linoleum cuts to his graphic teacher Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita, who encouraged him to continue with graphic arts. After finishing school, he traveled extensively through Italy, where he met his wife Jetta Umiker, whom he married in 1924.
Both artists were popular in the Renaissance period because of their contrasting talents. Francis I by Jean Clouet expresses the king’s power through his vibrant and detailed garments. Albrecht Dürer’s self-portrait from 1500 expressed his own power through his manipulation of light and his strong pose. Although both paintings have clear differences with their style, both men are painted in great and very powerful sense.
Leonhard Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland as the first born child of Paul Euler and Marguerite Brucker on April 15, 1707. Euler’s formal education started in Basel where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother on his father’s orders. Euler's father wanted his son to follow him in working for the church and sent him to the University of Basel to prepare him in becoming a pastor. He entered the University in 1720 to gain general knowledge before moving on to more advanced studies. Euler’s pastime was used for studying theology, Greek, and Hebrew in order to become a pastor like his father. During that time at the age of thirteen Euler started gaining his masters in Philosophy at the University of Basel, and in 1723 he achieved his master degree. On his weekends, Euler was learning from Bernoulli in several subjects because Bernoulli noticed that Euler was very intelligent in all types of mathematics and it also helped that Euler’s father was a friend of the Bernoulli Family, at the time Johann Bernoulli was Europe’s best mathematician. Bernoulli would later become one of ...
Artist and Humanist, Albrecht Durer is one of the most significant figures in the history f European art outside Italy during the Renaissance (Gowing 195). Portraying the questioning spirit of the Renaissance, Durer's conviction that he must examine and explore his own situation through capturing the very essence of his role as artist and creator, is reflected in the Self-portrait in a Fur Collared Robe (Strieder 10).
Auguste Escoffier was born on October 28, 1846, in the village of Villeneuve-Loubet, France. He was the son of Jean-Baptiste Escoffier and his wife Madeleine Civatte. His father was the villages blacksmith, farrier, locksmith, and maker of agricultural tools. Escoffier's childhood dream was to become a sculptor. Unfortunately he was forced to give up that dream at the age of thirteen, just after he celebrated his first Holy Communion Escoffier was told he was going to be a cook.
Claude Monet was born on November 14, 1840, in Paris, France and moved to LeHavre with his family at age five (Skira 21). As a schoolboy, Monet doodled in the margins of his books. His artistic career began by drawing caricatures of his schoolmasters distorting their faces and profiles outrageously. By the time he was fifteen, people would pay ten or twenty francs for one of his drawings (Skira 22).
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest mathematicians to ever live, which is displayed in all of his inventions. His main pursuit through mathematics was to better the understanding and exploration of the world. He preferred drawing geographical shapes to calculate equations and create his inventions, which enlisted his very profound artistic ability to articulate his blueprints. Leonardo Da Vinci believed that math is used to produce an outcome and thus Da Vinci thought that through his drawings he could execute his studies of proportional and spatial awareness demonstrated in his engineering designs and inventions.
It is well known that in the past, Renaissance artists received their training in an atmosphere of artists and mathematicians studying and learning together (Emmer 2). People also suggest that the art of the future will depend on new technologies, computer graphics in particular (Emmer 1). There are many mathematical advantages to using computer graphics. They can help to visualize phenomena and to understand how to solve new problems (Emmer 2). “The use of ‘visual computers’ gives rise to new challenges for mathematicians. At the same time, computer graphics might in the future be the unifying language between art and science” (Emmer 3).
Born in the Austrian town of Braunau on April 20, 1889, Adolf was the fourth child of Alois Schickelgruber and Klara Hitler. By 1900, young Adolf's talents as an artist surfaced. He did well enough in school to be eligible for either the university preparatory school or the technical/scientific Realschule. Because the technical/scientific Realschule had a course in drawing, Adolf enrolled in there. Adolf suffered from frequent lung infections, and he quit school at the age of 16, partially the result of ill health, but mainly the result of poor schoolwork. In 1906, Adolf traveled Vienna to seek his fortune, but he wasn't able to get admission to any prestigious art school. Hitler spent six years there, living on a small amount of money left for him from his father supplemented with an orphan's pension.
Adolf Hitler’s mind was in many ways “complicated.” He was known to have suffered many illnesses ranging from hypertension, headaches, problems with his vision, to abdominal spasms. All of these sicknesses and disabilities could have caused him to not think “clearly,” but the list of his issues goes on and it is believed by some that they are the root cause for the Holocaust and the inhumane actions of Hitler. Hitler growing up unrecognized and insignificant caused him to create a growing need for attention, recognition, and power and these needs only continued to increase with age, but with age came these physical problems and psychological problems such as sadism, anti-Semitism, and national socialism (Nazism). Hitler developed power, but used it for awful things that cannot be blamed on him hearing noises and other “illnesses” he had.