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Sociological theories of crime causation
The impact of crime on society
The impact of crime on society
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Recommended: Sociological theories of crime causation
One strength to alley-gating would be that it could reduce property vulnerability and deter potentials offenders. Strength to the methodological theory is that it not only formulate and investigate crime, it also examines place as a variable and also constructs both activity space and awareness space of a location where offenders may target. Analyst belief that using unique data on residential histories among commercial robbers may generate new empirical evidence when it comes to spatial behavior of offenders and their criminal patterns (Paynich & Hill, 2014). In my opinion, neighborhood policing may play a major part in the effectiveness of the methodological theory and its success.
One weakness in the alley-gating would be that the gates may not be the actual place where the offender commit the crime, in other words, terraced housing may not be vulnerable to burglary when the offender can gain access from the back of the location (Paynich & Hill, 2014). According to this study, it stated that another weakness was that although residents were satisfied with the results through the use of focus groups and it lacked the situational displacement of the burglary attempts, and the alley-gates were not placed in hot spot areas (Paynich &
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I do believe that in lower income cities where criminal activity is more visible, it is up to our law makers to utilize more patrolling to maybe cut down on the crime activity. I also believe that the location where a person lives has a lot to do with crime activity. I can use for example, I live in a community where there is little to no crime reported verses more lower level neighborhoods, that are called “the other side of town” are high in drug usage, selling and more violent criminal acts.
Reference
Paynich, R., & Hill, B. (2014). Fundamentals of crime mapping (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones &
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.
This paper will provide an explanation into how differential association theory explains burglary. Burglary, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (F.B.I), considers a property crime a Type 1 Index Crime because of its potentially violent nature. The F.B.I. breaks burglary down into three sub classifications. This paper discusses the elements of the crime of burglary and what constitutes a structure or dwelling. It will discuss a brief history of the deviance, trends and rates, and how it correlates to the specific theory that this paper will also discuss.
Muncie J, Talbot D and Walters R, (2010), Crime Local and Global, William Publishing, (Devon). P. 18.
...e of the risk for offenders or reducing the attractiveness of potential targets has the great impact on criminal and disorder activities. According to the authors these approaches are part of the interventions of hot spot because they include things like razing abandoned buildings and cleaning up graffiti. However, the increase of misdemeanor arrests of offenders contribute to the crime control in hot spot but not as much situational efforts does (Braga and bond 2008). Authors stated that situational crime prevention strategies are essential for addressing crime in hot spots rather than the aggressive order maintenance of arrests in high disorder places. In other words, if police officers only make arrest in hot spot this will not effectively reduce crime because they need to develop a more complex approach to deal with high crime areas ( Braga & Weisburd , 2010).
Understanding Crime: Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers. Woodham, J., & Toye, K. (2007). Empirical Tests of Assumption of Case Linkages & Offender’s profiling with Commercial Robbery.
Peterson, R, Krivo, L, & Hagan, J. (2006). The many colors of crime. NY: New York University Press.
Travis, J., & Waul, M. (2002). Reflections on the crime decline: Lessons for the future. Proceedings from the Urban Institute Crime Decline Forum (pp. 1-38). Washington, D. C.: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
http://www.ojip.usdoj.gov/nij. [Internet Website]. "Crime and Place: Plenary Papers of the 1997 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation."
Holmes, R., & Holmes, S. (1996). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
middle of paper ... ... stop the increase or possibly even added to the increase in crime, economical where the changing trends in the economy of the country has taken industry and wealth from urban areas, and community because of the constant shift of residents through the zone of transition led to a state of social disorganisation. It would be easy to point the finger if there was only one thing that had changed over time, but the more we study crime, the more theories on the causes of crime emerge. What we must not do is pick an easy option and not look at the effects that everything else might have on crime in urban areas. Bibliography Sunday Times Scotland Minister decides denial is the best policy for fighting crime.
...lly relies mostly on the media for their information regarding crimes in their neighborhoods. The media tends to only broadcast certain information about these occurrences in an attempt to boost the ratings for the news station. The public doesn't get an unbiased opinion of what actually occurred or a chance to know all of the facts. In reality, crimes that are reported are only a fraction of what in fact occurs. Crime statistics do not actually reflect patterns in crime or a risk of victimization and are of little or no use to the public in determining the crime rates for any given neighborhood. Since crime statistics only represent reported crime and not actual crime occurrences they should never be considered exact at any time. Statistical information is available upon request from the government and should only be considered an estimate of the true crime rates.
Crime against property and residents of a built environment is an occurrence worldwide. Effective methods of combating such criminal behaviour have constantly been discussed throughout history. Such discussions have led to the creation of a multi-disciplinary concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Originally a concept developed by Jane Jacobs in the early 1960’s and notably developed by criminologist Timothy D. Crowe, CPTED is a constantly evolving theory that is based upon the belief that the built environment can be used to influence the decisions made by criminals before they commit a crime. CPTED aims to design and implement various techniques within a built environment that will deter instances and reduce fears
Sampson, R., Raudenbush, S., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
Ronald V Clarke originally developed the idea of situational crime prevention in the 1980’s (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). This particular crime prevention theory addresses techniques that increase the effort required to commit the crime, increase the risks involved with committing the crime, reducing the reward gained by the offender after committing the crime, reducing the provocation between the offender and others and remove excuses (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Majority of crime is believed to be committed because there are no high risks of being caught and the rewards outweigh the risks (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Increasing the effort by controlling access to locations and target hardening can deflect many offenders, as more effort is needed to commit the crime (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Another main technique would be to increase the risks; this may be achieved by extending guardianship, creating natural surveillance or artificial surveillance such as CCTV (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005).
During most of America’s recorded history, measuring crime and violence was not an accurate science. Crime statistics were recorded at local levels, but oftentimes this was not a priority of law enforcement agencies. Furthermore, statistics were often skewed to reflect better performance of these agencies than was the case. Only recently, during the last generation, has crime statistics been measured on a national level to determine crime patterns. The easiest crimes to measure, because of their nature, were homicide and auto theft.