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Sociological theories of crime causation
The impact of crime on society
The impact of crime on society
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Recommended: Sociological theories of crime causation
One strength to alley-gating would be that it could reduce property vulnerability and deter potentials offenders. Strength to the methodological theory is that it not only formulate and investigate crime, it also examines place as a variable and also constructs both activity space and awareness space of a location where offenders may target. Analyst belief that using unique data on residential histories among commercial robbers may generate new empirical evidence when it comes to spatial behavior of offenders and their criminal patterns (Paynich & Hill, 2014). In my opinion, neighborhood policing may play a major part in the effectiveness of the methodological theory and its success.
One weakness in the alley-gating would be that the gates may not be the actual place where the offender commit the crime, in other words, terraced housing may not be vulnerable to burglary when the offender can gain access from the back of the location (Paynich & Hill, 2014). According to this study, it stated that another weakness was that although residents were satisfied with the results through the use of focus groups and it lacked the situational displacement of the burglary attempts, and the alley-gates were not placed in hot spot areas (Paynich &
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I do believe that in lower income cities where criminal activity is more visible, it is up to our law makers to utilize more patrolling to maybe cut down on the crime activity. I also believe that the location where a person lives has a lot to do with crime activity. I can use for example, I live in a community where there is little to no crime reported verses more lower level neighborhoods, that are called “the other side of town” are high in drug usage, selling and more violent criminal acts.
Reference
Paynich, R., & Hill, B. (2014). Fundamentals of crime mapping (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones &
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.
This paper will provide an explanation into how differential association theory explains burglary. Burglary, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (F.B.I), considers a property crime a Type 1 Index Crime because of its potentially violent nature. The F.B.I. breaks burglary down into three sub classifications. This paper discusses the elements of the crime of burglary and what constitutes a structure or dwelling. It will discuss a brief history of the deviance, trends and rates, and how it correlates to the specific theory that this paper will also discuss.
Travis, J., & Waul, M. (2002). Reflections on the crime decline: Lessons for the future. Proceedings from the Urban Institute Crime Decline Forum (pp. 1-38). Washington, D. C.: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
Sampson, R., Raudenbush, S., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
...lly relies mostly on the media for their information regarding crimes in their neighborhoods. The media tends to only broadcast certain information about these occurrences in an attempt to boost the ratings for the news station. The public doesn't get an unbiased opinion of what actually occurred or a chance to know all of the facts. In reality, crimes that are reported are only a fraction of what in fact occurs. Crime statistics do not actually reflect patterns in crime or a risk of victimization and are of little or no use to the public in determining the crime rates for any given neighborhood. Since crime statistics only represent reported crime and not actual crime occurrences they should never be considered exact at any time. Statistical information is available upon request from the government and should only be considered an estimate of the true crime rates.
Peterson, R, Krivo, L, & Hagan, J. (2006). The many colors of crime. NY: New York University Press.
Muncie J, Talbot D and Walters R, (2010), Crime Local and Global, William Publishing, (Devon). P. 18.
Hot spot policing is based on the idea that some criminal activities occur in particular areas of a city. According to researchers crime is not spread around the city instead is concentrated in small places where half of the criminal activities occur (Braga chapter 12). Also, many studies has demonstrated that hot spots do show significant positive results suggesting that when police officers put their attention on small high crime geographic areas they can reduce criminal activities ( Braga, papachristo & hureau I press). According to researchers 50% of calls that 911 center received are usually concentrated in less than 5% of places in a city (Sherman, Gartin, & Buerger, 1989; Weisburd, Bushway, Lum, &Yang, 2004). That is the action of crime is often at the street and not neighborhood level. Thus police can target sizable proportion of citywide crime by focusing in on small number of high crime places (see Weisburd & Telep, 2010). In a meta-analysis of experimental studies, authors found significant benefits of the hot spots approach in treatment compared to control areas. They concluded that fairly strong evidence shows hot spots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy (Braga (007) .Importantly, there was little evidence to suggest that spatial displacement was a major concern in hot spots interventions. Crime did not simply shift from hot spots to nearby areas (see also Weisburd et al., 2006).
Understanding Crime: Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers. Woodham, J., & Toye, K. (2007). Empirical Tests of Assumption of Case Linkages & Offender’s profiling with Commercial Robbery.
http://www.ojip.usdoj.gov/nij. [Internet Website]. "Crime and Place: Plenary Papers of the 1997 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation."
Holmes, R., & Holmes, S. (1996). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Crime against property and residents of a built environment is an occurrence worldwide. Effective methods of combating such criminal behaviour have constantly been discussed throughout history. Such discussions have led to the creation of a multi-disciplinary concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Originally a concept developed by Jane Jacobs in the early 1960’s and notably developed by criminologist Timothy D. Crowe, CPTED is a constantly evolving theory that is based upon the belief that the built environment can be used to influence the decisions made by criminals before they commit a crime. CPTED aims to design and implement various techniques within a built environment that will deter instances and reduce fears
Ronald V Clarke originally developed the idea of situational crime prevention in the 1980’s (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). This particular crime prevention theory addresses techniques that increase the effort required to commit the crime, increase the risks involved with committing the crime, reducing the reward gained by the offender after committing the crime, reducing the provocation between the offender and others and remove excuses (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Majority of crime is believed to be committed because there are no high risks of being caught and the rewards outweigh the risks (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Increasing the effort by controlling access to locations and target hardening can deflect many offenders, as more effort is needed to commit the crime (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Another main technique would be to increase the risks; this may be achieved by extending guardianship, creating natural surveillance or artificial surveillance such as CCTV (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005).
Why so Much Crime is Committed in Urban Areas Crime in urban areas has been on the increase since the 1950s, why? What has happened to cause crime to become almost an accepted part of inner city life? There are plenty of crime figures available for every city in the world, but reading numbers from a list does not explain why more crimes are being committed, to try to understand we have to look at what has changed in urban communities and how these changes have affected the people that live there. Most urban areas have always been predominately working class with low-grade housing and low wages, where communities had enjoyed a strong bond as people worked together in factories and mills, whole generations grew up working in the same place as their parents and friends. As the economy of the country changed, so did the available work which meant more and more families, were forced to move to other areas looking for work.
During most of America’s recorded history, measuring crime and violence was not an accurate science. Crime statistics were recorded at local levels, but oftentimes this was not a priority of law enforcement agencies. Furthermore, statistics were often skewed to reflect better performance of these agencies than was the case. Only recently, during the last generation, has crime statistics been measured on a national level to determine crime patterns. The easiest crimes to measure, because of their nature, were homicide and auto theft.