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Six main psychology perspectives
The different psychological perspectives
Six main psychology perspectives
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Theory Description
Personality Theories originate from the awareness that astute, intellectual theorists perceive when observing, examining and evaluating their own mental state of mind. Although theories are tested through research; human characteristics have exhibited that they can be demonstrated to contain errors. The most recent knowledge of understanding personality theories derives from a combination of components such as research on reoccurrences, culture, psychobiology, learning, traits, and social psychology. Alfred Adler titled his theory Individual Psychology with the belief that everyone is differently motivated. Fascinated with finding out what driving force motivates a person to reach their potential, and what keep them going during difficult times, Adler referred to his theory as “striving for superiority” (Friedman, H. and Schustack, (2012). Adler viewed motivation as future endeavors rather than the outcome of the past. He differed the basic concept of his personality typology from Classical Greek typology by referring to them as (1) Ruling-Dominant, (2) Getting- Leaning, (3) Avoiding and (4) Socially useful (Friedman, H. & Schustack, M., 2012).
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In conclusion, Adler became aware that expectations of what the future will bring is what motivates people, rather than what they’ve experienced in the past. His typology is based on how people respond to life on an individual basis. Adler’s typology is considered to be persuasive, yet it is difficult to validate. In compiling his theory, he chose to talk about the individual’s lifestyles and the way problems are handled, rather than speak on their activities, struggles and character. As children we’re maturing, we’re taught how society evolves, how society grows and it allows us to expand our creativity, outgrow fears, and advance in both intelligence and
After a war that claimed the lives of more men than that of all other wars combined, much of the country was left in ruins, literally and figuratively. Dozens of towns in the South had been burned to the ground. Meanwhile, the relations between the North and South had crumbled to pieces. Something needed to be done so that the country could once again be the United States of America, not the Divided States of America. The years from 1865 to 1877 were a time of rebuilding – the broken communities and the broken relations. This time period was known as Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a failure on the basis that the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments that were passed should have given protection and freedom to the African American people, instead, it actually hurt them because the laws were not enforced, and eventually lead to the organization of white supremacy terrorist groups.
African Americans had an active participation during the Reconstruction era and worked hard to achieve rights that they deserved. African Americans acquired different roles, both as individuals and in groups to achieve their goals. One very important role of the African Americans was participation in voting during elections. After the 15Th amendment was passed in 1870 voting was not restricted by race. With this newfound voting power African Americans could control the future of their country. Thanks to this, other rights could now be gained through democratic election. Another role was the African American leaders that represented
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2013). Theories of personality (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Wadsworth.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2013). Theories of personality (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Wadsworth.
Does personality determine behavior? Phelps (2015) dived into this discussion in his article by reviewing the perspectives of personality, how psychology relates to behavior and the idea of self, and further, how behaviorists define personality and all of its components. Phelps (2015) compares and contrasts the common beliefs of personality and the view of self as attributed to personality theorists with those characterized by behavioral theorists. A typical understanding of personality is one that defines it as an internal substance that drives behavior, and therefore, by seeking to understand a person's personality we can almost assume their actions (Phelps, 2015). Behavioral theorists, on the other hand, do not lean on vague internal conditions to explain behavior, but rather they evaluate a person's past and present settings to define behavior, according to Phelps (2015). The conclusion is that behaviorists' perspectives on these topics are far more parsimonious in nature and most popular views of personality speak to a more internal and far-reaching position rather than the behavior itself (Phelps, 2015). Likewise, Phelps (2015) addresses the issue of meeting specific criteria for discerning whether a theoretical viewpoint is valid in helping us understand people. He continued to remark that behaviorists' stances meet a large portion of the criteria as presented by Gordon Allport (Phelps, 2015). For example, they have less assumptions, they are consistent, and not to mention, they are testable and falsifiable, Phelps (2015) supports. In my opinion and critical review, this article is useful because it provides an unbiased assessment of a variety of personality theories and definitions of personality and the self. Likewise, it is simple and easy to understand, thus qualifying it as parsimonious. Overall, I think the article did its ultimate job of evaluating different perspectives and
Therefore, when the Senate’s control by the Republicans passed the Thirteenth Amendments and was approved by the Confederate states it became law on December 18th 1865 (Mullane, 1993, p. 293). The Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. Slaves no matter where they were located and the Southern blacks now had to face the many challenges the Northern blacks has face for many years (Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, n.d., para 1). The new Reconstructed Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment in which calling for equal protection for slaves under the law. Additionally, the passing of the Fifteenth Amendment had the power to abolish male suffrage, regardless of their race or color, but black women didn’t have the right to vote (Mullane, 1993, p. 293). The passing of the 14th and 15th Amendment was a huge success because it allowed the black males to have a say so in the new Congressional Reconstruction between 1867 and 1869 in which it allow black males the right to vote (Robin D. G. Kelley, 2000, p. 240). There was a major difference between the President Reconstruction plan and the Congressional Reconstruction because the
Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of Personality (7th ed.). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.
During the 1800 and 1900s there was at least three significant amendments that occurred during this occasion. Fluctuating the lives of all African American was a big deal. Becoming free from the slavery was the main commitment for all the African Americans. The 13th Amendment indicated the abolishment of slavery, 14th Amendment specified everyone born in the U.S. were born with expected rights and the 15th Amendment indicated that residents of the U.S. had the right to vote nonetheless of color or earlier slavery. A little background before the civil war amendments, there was slavery widespread during this time. The slave families were abused, their wives were raped, lastly their children were sold to any of the white families. They made one thing clear that slaves had no rights what so ever where they lived.
After the Civil War was over and the Reconstruction-era began, changes were made such as the 13th amendment in 1865, which forbid slavery in the United States. Even though slavery was now prohibited, freed blacks were now left alone to struggle finding simple things like a roof to live in and a job to work for. Meanwhile, President Abraham Lincoln wanted to give the south humane conditions for them to be accepted back into the union and also wanted to give African Americans and former soldiers the right to vote, but that wasn’t very successful when put into the hands of Congress. Soon after Lincoln was killed in 1865, President Andrew Johnson came into presidency and changed the conditions giving African Americans a harder time adapting to their new lives as freedmen. Furthermore, the south became very violent against the blacks and came up with black codes, which put freed blacks as closely as possible back into a slave state. These black codes prohibited interracial marriages, the ownership of guns or liquor, congregation in large groups and had curfews for these freedmen. Furthermore, these black codes forced the freedmen to sign annual work contracts that were offensive and offered only in the agricultural f...
Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Roberts, T. A. (2009). Theories of personality. New York:
The constitution between 1865 and 1870 integrated three amendments, the first one being the abolition of slavery in December 1865 which was the thirteenth amendment. The fourteenth amendment was a constitutional guarantee of equality in 1868. The fifteenth amendment was the constitutional guarantee of voting rights. Theses amendments had huge impacts in history. On one hand these new amendments were beneficial for the negros who were now “free” and acquiring more rights such as voting although It was not enough. On the other hand women were excluded of the fifteenth amendment not receiving there right to vote.
Freedom. What truly is freedom? There are many definitions of freedom. One of those definitions includes that freedom is the ability of an individual to be or do what they want of free will, with no restrictions applied to them. During the Reconstruction era (1865-1877), where the South left the Union and fell into shambles as trying to declare themselves as an individual state, but then they were returned to the Union by the Reconstruction Act of 1867, there was an issue about the freedom of African Americans abolished of slavery. However, before the Reconstruction Act was executed, there was controversy between different plans on how to rejoice the South back into the union; Lincoln’s plan versus the Radical Plan (AKA Wade-Davis Plan). Lincoln’s
Personality is patterns of thinking, behavior and emotional responses that make up individuality over time. Psychologist attempt to understand how personality develops and its impact on how we behave. Several theories attempt to explain personality, using different approaches. The social-cognitive and humanistic approaches are two of many theories that attempt to explain personality. This essay will identify the main concepts of social-cognitive and humanistic approach, identify perspective differences and discuss approach limitations.
A Comparison of the Main Approaches to Personality Psychology Psychology of personality is a difficult concept to define and quantify, therefore most personality theories, however different they may be in other respects, share the basic assumption, that personality is a particular pattern of behaviour and thinking, that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another. Most theories attempting to explain personality represent part of the classic psychological Nature verse Nurture debate. In other words, is personality “inherited”, or developed through our interactions with the environment. In addition, we shall compare and contrast two of the main approaches to personality psychology by concentrating on Psychoanalytical Theory (Freud) and Social Learning Theory (Bandura). By looking at the Psychodynamic approach, developed by Freud, we can argue that it emphasizes the interplay of unconscious psychological processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behaviours.
Magnavita, J. J. (2002). Theories of personality: Contemporary approaches to the science of personality. New York: Wiley.