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Affirmative action objectives
Reparations regarding the united states african american populations
The role of affirmative action
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Over the years the incorrect assumption that all African Americans were the slaves and all white Americans were the slave owners, or sellers of slaves during the late 1700’s until the 1860’s is a common misconception. Ever since the end of the Civil War in 1865 the American public, as well as politicians, have used this as a justification for repaying African American citizens for their many years of unpaid, arduous labor as slaves, and planned to repay these citizens by taking the money from white Americans and giving it to African Americans in the form of reparations. Even though idea of reparations is a nice idea, it is not practical because the United States is already paying reparations in other ways, and also because white Americans …show more content…
over the past years have managed to pay for reparations, that have benefited African Americans, in many ways. For one, ever since the passage of the Civil Rights Act and the creation of the Great Society in 1965, trillions of U.S. dollars have been spent on various forms of welfare and racial preferences, such as educational admissions, jobs contracts, and placements (Source A). Also, over the past 30 years affirmative actions programs have been set in place, which the government has spent large amounts of money to enforce and administer (Source B). More specifically, these programs make it easier for black Americans to get jobs and get into college (Source C). So why should the U.S. have to pay reparations to African Americans when the government is currently helping them in so many other ways? Black Americans have been granted opportunities even greater than their white equivalents in both the job force and when getting into college due to the many programs and organizations the United States has already created for them (Source C). Therefore, reparations are not something that is needed in the American society …show more content…
Primarily, only a very small amount of these Americans actually owned slaves. Even in the antebellum South only one in five, or 20% of white Americans were slaveholders (Source A). Despite the fact that this very select amount of people had been involved with slavery they still can’t be held responsible for their actions today because both them and their slaves are dead. Unlike in an Insurance claim, where there is a definite victim, and visual evidence of the incident that can show the damage caused by the person, there is no way of proving who can receive the reparation because there is no evidence of who committed the act and who was specifically affected by it (Source C). Lastly, white Americans can’t be forced to pay for reparations because many of their ancestors sacrificed their lives to end slavery by fighting in the Civil War, which would prove that they were against slavery, and therefore not involved with it. Anyways, these sacrifices, in the words of President Abraham Lincoln, are what, “Make possible a new birth of freedom in the United States” (Source B), that every American, regardless of color, has benefited from. And so, there is no justification in making the entire white population pay reparations for taking part in the use of slaves because hundreds of thousands of their ancestors fought and died for the freedom of all slaves, which serves as a reasonable form of
Slavery is the idea and practice that one person is inferior to another. What made the institution of slavery in America significantly different from previous institutions was that “slavery developed as an institution based upon race.” Slavery based upon race is what made slavery an issue within the United States, in fact, it was a race issue. In addition, “to know whether certain men possessed natural rights one had only to inquire whether they were human beings.” Slaves were not even viewed as human beings; instead, they were dehumanized and were viewed as property or animals. During this era of slavery in the New World, many African slaves would prefer to die than live a life of forced servitude to the white man. Moreover, the problem of slavery was that an African born in the United States never knew what freedom was. According to Winthrop D. Jordan, “the concept of Negro slavery there was neither borrowed from foreigners, nor extracted from books, nor invented out of whole cloth, nor extrapolated from servitude, nor generated by English reaction to Negroes as such, nor necessitated by the exigencies of the New World. Not any one of these made the Negro a slave, but all.” American colonists fought a long and bloody war for independence that both white men and black men fought together, but it only seemed to serve the white man’s independence to continue their complete dominance over the African slave. The white man must carry a heavy
When the topic of slavery is brought up, it is usually assumed we are talking about the thirteen million Africans who were captured, transported and enslaved in the Americas but that is not necessarily true. The history of American slavery began long before this. Native American slavery has traditionally been treated as a secondary matter when compared to the African slave trade. Indians were enslaved in large numbers and forced to labor as slaves or in other forms of servitude. They would do many different tasks ranging from working on a plantation to working in mines to working like a slave in domestic settings. Native Americans were used as slaves for as long as they could but until the number of European immigrants began to rise at an alarming rate. The arrival of Europeans and their disease and tools for war caused a drastic drop in the number of Native Americans as a whole, thus creating the
Ta-Nehisi Coates, author of the article “The Case for Reparations” presents a powerful argument for reparations to black African American for a long time of horrendous injustice as slavery plus discrimination, violence, hosing policies, family incomes, hard work, education, and more took a place in black African American’s lives. He argues that paying such a right arrears is not only a matter of justice; however, it is important for American people to express how they treated black African Americans.
Throughout much of my life I was a slave to the white man. I was, however, luckier than most. I was able to become a freeman, and have since dedicated my life to the abolition of slavery and oppression in this country. This oppression lives on because of the hypocritical nature in which this country's founding fathers, including you, outlined their independence. Many times throughout your most patriotic document, The Declaration of Independence, you contradict yourself and the ideas that are presented. It appears that the ideals you present are only for those with a white skin such as yours. All other people, for example the American Negro, are not even considered people in your white wigged world. We are only property to be bought and sold accordingly, with no regard for our families, friends, or personal beliefs. These are aspects of life that you and I both fought for, but are reserved only for you.
Reconstruction(1865-1877) was the time period in which the US rebuilt after the Civil War. During this time, the question the rights of freed slaves in the United States were highly debated. Freedom, in my terms, is the privilege of doing as you please without restriction as long as it stays within the law. However, in this sense, black Americans during the Reconstruction period were not truly free despite Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. While legally free, black Americans were still viewed through the lens of racism and deeply-rooted social biases/stigmas that prevented them from exercising their legal rights as citizens of the United States. For example, black Americans were unable to wholly participate in the government as a
I want to start with the history of slavery in America. For most African Americans, the journey America began with African ancestors that were kidnapped and forced into slavery. In America, this event was first recorded in 1619. The first documented African slaves that were brought to America were through Jamestown, Virginia. This is historically considered as the Colonial America. In Colonial America, African slaves were held as indentured servants. At this time, the African slaves were released from slavery after a certain number of years of being held in captivity. This period lasted until 1776, when history records the beginning of the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage showed the increased of African slaves were bought into America. The increase demand for slaves was because of the increased production of cotton in the south. So, plantation owners demanded more African slaves for purchas...
In “The Case for Reparations,” Ta-Nehisi Coates sets out a powerful argument for reparations to blacks for having to thrive through horrific inequity, including slavery, Jim Crowism, Northern violence and racist housing policies. By erecting a slave society, America erected the economic foundation for its great experiment in democracy. And Reparations would mean a revolution of the American consciousness, reconciling of our self-image as the great democratizer with the facts of our history. Paying such a moral debt is such a great matter of justice served rightfully to those who were suppressed from the fundamental roles, white supremacy played in American history.
By this time, the mindset of people who owned slaves, thought of ex-slaves as if they were still objects and property to be owned. The inequality and treatment of ex-slaves were ridiculous. Even some objects were more valuable than the life of an ex-slave, or any colored person. Leary, Hammond, and Davis stated in the “Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome” article, “Being reminded that our ancestors were treated as property and only as humans when it was profitable to their owners stirred our emotions… The author details how blacks were counted as 3/5 of a person… American slaves had no legal rights as property, but interestingly enough, slaves outside of the United States did have rights and could even buy themselves out of slavery under certain conditions” (Leary, Hammond, and Davis, “Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome”). This played a major role into Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome making a lasting effect throughout generations and generations to come. There were people who believed in the great plan of equality and fairness, but those people were very few. Even when President Lincoln passed the emancipation proclamation, people still did not want slaves to be free or even wanted to acknowledge them as people. This started to cause the Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome because there was no closure on the situation and the pain that came out of it. To this day,
Slavery was a practice throughout the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, and through slavery, African-American slaves helped build the economic foundation of which America stands upon today, but this development only occurred with the sacrifice of the blood, sweat, and tears from the slaves that had been pushed into exhaustion by the slave masters. A narrative noting a lifetime of this history was the book The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African written by Olaudah Equiano. Equiano was a prominent African involved in the British movement for the abolition of the slave trade. He was captured and enslaved as a child in his home town of Essaka in what is now known as south eastern Nigeria, later he was shipped to the West Indies, he then moved to England, and eventually purchased his freedom (Equiano). Olaudah Equiano, with many other millions of slaves, faced many hardships and was treated with inconceivable injustices by white slave masters and because of the severity of these cruel and barbarous occurrences, history will never forget these events.
Instead, they will give individual African Americans and the community as a whole a chance to create their own economic base and become self-reliant. Supporters also say that African Americans will have a chance to become self-reliant and create their own economic base. This is not a valid argument because many of them live in America and they already have the same advantages to be able to make their own economic base and become self-reliant without the help of reparations. In addition, this will increase the misuse of money given to those individuals who are given the aid. If we were to select individuals to give the money to, there is no guarantee that this money will be spent
In an article by ABC news it was written that “there’s no disputing that African American suffered centuries of enslavement. What’s far less certain, however is what kind of debt is owed to the descendants of those slaves.” They also said “many group of influential lawyers and scholars have profited from slavery.” This goes to show that the people responsible for the enslavement of hundreds of people are profiting from slavery, and that if they did want to pay reparations, they’re unsure how to give it. The article then goes to mention other cases of reparation that have been paid like Germany paying $60 billion to holocaust survivors, and the united states paying $20,000 to over 100,000 Japanese Americans sent to internment camp during world war
Since the beginning of slavery in the America, Africans have been deemed inferior to the whites whom exploited the Atlantic slave trade. Africans were exported and shipped in droves to the Americas for the sole purpose of enriching the lives of other races with slave labor. These Africans were sold like livestock and forced into a life of servitude once they became the “property” of others. As the United States expanded westward, the desire to cultivate new land increased the need for more slaves. The treatment of slaves was dependent upon the region because different crops required differing needs for cultivation. Slaves in the Cotton South, concluded traveler Frederick Law Olmsted, worked “much harder and more unremittingly” than those in the tobacco regions.1 Since the birth of America and throughout its expansion, African Americans have been fighting an uphill battle to achieve freedom and some semblance of equality. While African Americans were confronted with their inferior status during the domestic slave trade, when performing their tasks, and even after they were set free, they still made great strides in their quest for equality during the nineteenth century.
In the 1860’s there were about 4,441,830 African American living the the United States. Many were living in the southern states of the United States. During this time period, there were many white men who owned an African American, as a slave. Slavery was caused because of the white men believing that they were superior towards other races, especially the African people. About 3,953,760 were slaves, and only about 488,070 African Americans were free. “In nothing was slavery so savage and relentless as in its attempted destruction of the family instincts of the Negro race in America. Individuals, not families; shelters, not homes; herding, not marriages, were the cardinal sins in that system of horrors”(Fannie Barrier Williams). Slavery destroyed many families, African American were being sold and treated as merchandise, not as a human. During the time of slavery there were some white men that did not believe in racism. Abraham Lincoln once said, “Those who deny freedom for others deserve it not for themselves” (Abraham Lincoln). Lincoln believed African Americans should not be slaves if others races were not treated as slaves themselves. Though some African Americans were living in the south, there were also a small amount of African Americans living in the north of the United States.
Some Americans still believe that they are the “real” Americans. After the settlers completely conquered the America, they enslaved Native Americans, blacks, and Asians: Blacks were the biggest victims of American slavery. According to the textbook, “Created Equal,” the settlers, white people, started to “trade slaves” in 1680’s. This event illustrates that whites ruined blacks’ human rights and treated them as their properties. Black men “did not have the right to vote, and their children could not go to public schools” (Jacqueline el at. 2013, p. 228). Most black men “worked as farm hands or manual laborers” and most black women “worked as domestic servants or laundresses”. Because of this historical background, blacks are recognized as workers: whites are recognized as owners. Of course, these days, there are many black people whose work positions are higher than whites. However, in America, there is still a prejudice or stereotype of the people who have different skin tones since this historical event affect their beliefs. Also, whites were “seeing blacks as separate” because of their skin tones. This is paradoxical since white people do not think they are actually foreigners: they are not the indigenous people in America. Since black people were
Today, the United States is considered to be one of the most diverse countries in the world with regards to its citizens being of a different race and ethnic background other than white, but sadly this was not always the case. During the post-emancipation era, also known as the period of “redemption” for southern whites, was a time of great racial violence and hate from most white individuals, typically farm and plantation owners, towards the newly freed slaves emancipated after the civil war, which of whom were predominantly black. Right before the civil war, society was separated into two racial hierarchies: white, and black. If an individual was of any color other than white they were labeled as a slave and considered someone’s, referring to white slave owners, property. After the civil war America’s social lifestyle and overall government changed dramatically due to the emancipation of slaves in the south. When African Americans were emancipated the idea and concept that was once accepted, any individual other than white is considered to be insubordinate and a slave, was now abolished and considered inhumane. This caused a major disruption within society because former slave owners lost huge amounts of manpower that use to work and generate profit by making enslaved individuals farm their land. As a result, once wealthy farmers and plantation owners became the poorest of poor with no one to work their fields and no money to even hire anyone because of post-war fees that needed to be paid. With that being said, African Americans are considered now to be citizens of the United States but sadly were not treated equally by their white peers till the Civil Rights Act (1964); and from the time of reconstruction through the period of...