Stephen Toulmin is one of the most significant philosophers of our generation. Mr. Toulmin produced a widespread analysis from morals, science, and ethical reasoning and established a different method for examining arguments, which is now recognized as the Toulmin model of argumentation. The Toulmin model of argumentation was not acknowledged in Great Britain however when he came to America those same ideas thrived in the rhetoric field. In the earlier stages of The Toulmin model it was used in debate guides. The Toulmin model analyzes the strength and weaknesses of any argument. The Toulmin model has advanced into the rhetorical interpretation of literary texts. The Toulmin model is used for developing, examining, and classifying arguments. …show more content…
There are six fragments of the model of argument that are the claim, data, warrant, backing, modality, and rebuttal. In my description of the six-fragments model, as examples I will be comparing old vehicles and new vehicles to find which one is beneficial in the argument. The claim is the position or thesis, which is the main point of the argument. A claim is usually in the beginning, middle, or end of an argument. For example a claim would be cars over 20 years old should not be allowed on the road. The data is the foundation or basis for the claim, and the support to find the facts. An example of data would be older vehicles pollute the environment and are less safe than newer car models. The warrant would be mentioned as the bridge, it is a description of why or how the data supports the claim, the primary assumptions that links the data to the claim. An example of the warrant would be removing the older car models from the road, and would drastically improve the environment as well as would result in fewer accident related injuries and deaths on the road. The backing refers to the base as the supplementary logic or purpose that may be essential to supporting the warrant. An example of backing is vehicles are being major contributor to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the latest safety technology features such as airbags and anti lock breaks, greatly improve vehicle safety. The Rebuttal or the Reservation is the exceptions to the claim, description, and rebuttal of counter examples and counter arguments. An example of a Reservation would be much older vehicles can be updated to meet the new safety standards and some vintage vehicles are only occasionally driven. The final is the Qualification, which is the specification of the limits to claim, warrant, and backing. The degree of conditionality is stated. The Qualification indicates how far the data could take the warrant. This may also limit how completely the claim is concerned. An example of a Qualification would be a majority of vehicles over 20 years old should not be allowed unlimited access to the road. By going into detail with each fragment of the Toulmin model, I will now apply the framework of my article to the Toulmin model, The New York Times, “Reforms Follow Protests In Ferguson”. The Ferguson Shooting incident is a long line of senseless unarmed African Americans murdered, by law enforcement that are meant to protect and serve.
A year later in Ferguson, Missouri the African American community is still losing faith in the police department. The claim is the community of Ferguson drivers was wrongfully charged traffic tickets, to boost the revenue of the local government. This corruption caught the attention of other government officials. The claim is policy based because, in the article actions have be assumed by the use of law reforms. The new law reforms being introduced in Ferguson are meant to fix the unconstitutional act commented towards the Ferguson community. The data would be the new form of laws being executed so that a more constitutional path could be taken. The pervious law was not fair, to a community that was predominantly African American. The current laws are causing citizens to feel unsafe in their own communities. The police officials that were sworn to protect them were the oppressors. The warrant is based off an analogy, because the Brown shooting incident occurred, it was the deciding factor that leads to the Fergusons police department investigation. The warrant was the law reform because the national spotlight has been placed on Fergusons police department. The unfair justice that was proceeding was unauthorized, and was being prejudice towards African Americans. The Justice Department noticed overwhelming evidence of racisms …show more content…
in the Fergusons police department, which abused the civil rights of African Americans. This racial abuse has been in the Fergusons police department for years. The injustice being committed in Ferguson is being closely monitored now. If the Michael Brown shooting incident had not occurred, the injustice in the police department would still ensue. According to The New York Times,” Still, the department found overwhelming evidence of entrenched racism in Ferguson’s police force and what amounted to the habitual use of primitive and clearly unconstitutional law enforcement techniques”. My qualifier for the article is the lives that were diminished because some government officials in Ferguson wanted to capitalize on the chaos surrounding the Brown incident by fraudulently funding the budget. They were falsely charging citizens tickets. The corrupted local government officials in Ferguson, Missouri, abused their power just to make a profit. They did not care for the lives that were ruined. They were sending innocent individuals to jail, creating financial problems, or ruining personally records. I could not find a Reservation within the article; there was no substantial evidence. The backing is, changes to current law are going in the right direction. Judge McCullin is making progress by ordering arrest warrants issued to be withdrawn. More than 6,000 drivers licenses have been restored following reforms enforcement. The state General Assembly and Governor Jay Nixon, also cut local government budget on court charges. According to Governor Jay Nixon, “Cops will stop being revenue agents and go back to being cops,” The tragic events that accrued during the fatal shooting of Michael Brown had a ripple effect through the local government as well as the state capital. There is a need for change and justice for the people, and Michael Brown was sacrificed for these events to happen. The racial tension in Ferguson, Missouri was always there even before the Michael Brown incident. Kinloch, Missouri is one of the oldest African American communities in Missouri. In Kinloch they had a gate separating the white community from the black community. Some African Americans had to enter the white neighborhoods just to get to work. They also had a curfew set for them and if they did not make it home before the curfew, they would be victimized by racial discrimination. According to Matthew Teague of The Los Angeles Times, “The ordinance ordering black people out of town was known as the "sundown law”, and cities across the nation had similar rules”. The local government in Ferguson, Missouri is already on bad relation with the African American community, and it was also discovered that they are abusing their power again.
The local government was found falsely suspending licenses just to increase the governmental budget, by issuing tickets. This incident is pouring salt on a wound that has yet to heal. It is the ridiculous the lengths people will go just to take advantage of someone else. Swindling the Ferguson community and accusing them as traffic offenders is not helping relations. The protest that brought reform to key governmental officials attention is the right move for citizens of Ferguson, Missouri. Ferguson needs to be set on a national agenda, because these events are sadly happening all over America. The mindset of government officials in power needs to change in Ferguson. If the local government has no sign of changing its policies, Ferguson, Missouri will be stuck in the era of the civil rights
movement.
For most writers, we must know the different types of argumentation styles along with logical fallacies. There are three main types of argumentation styles including: Aristotelian, Rogerian, and Toulmin. All three styles have their own argumentation spin on arguments. Aristotelian refutes the opposing claim while at the same time promoting its own argument by using supporting evidence. Some of that evidence includes using rhetorical appeals such as ethos, logos, and pathos. A Rogerian arguments are the arguments that find the common ground in order for an effective argument. Last but not least there is the Toulmin argument, the Toulmin argument is similar to the Aristotelian argument yet instead of appealing to the audience Toulmin focuses
African American’s still are thought to be discriminated against by law enforcement, according to recent scenarios which have occurred. For example, Eric Garner was seen to have been physically abused by police and many of the public believe this is because he was African American. Though racism is less common today, it is still relevant and apparent in society. Violence is still used by both individuals and law enforcement, as well as as a form of protest in some circumstances. Though there is still some violent-protests present today, for humanitarian reasons this form of protesting has become less common throughout all of the ethnic
The beating of Rodney King from the Los Angeles Police Department on March 3, 1991 and the Los Angeles riots resulting from the verdict of the police officers on April 29 through May 5, 1992 are events that will never be forgotten. They both evolve around one incident, but there are two sides of ethical deviance: the LAPD and the citizens involved in the L.A. riots. The incident on March 3, 1991 is an event, which the public across the nation has never witnessed. If it weren’t for the random videotaping of the beating that night, society would never know what truly happened to Rodney King. What was even more disturbing is the mentality the LAPD displayed to the public and the details of how this mentality of policing led up to this particular incident. This type of ethical deviance is something the public has not seen since the civil rights era. Little did Chief Gates, the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department, and the LAPD know what the consequences of their actions would lead to. Moving forward in time to the verdict of those police officers being acquitted of the charges, the public sentiment spiraled into an outrage. The disbelief and shock of the citizens of Los Angeles sparked a mammoth rioting that lasted for six days. The riots led to 53 deaths and the destruction of many building. This is a true but disturbing story uncovering the ethical deviance from the LAPD and the L.A. riots. The two perspectives are from the Rodney King incident are the LAPD and the L.A. riots.
The factor of racial profiling comes into play as federal grant programs award police for rounding up as many people as possible. This very tactic was demonstrated by the CompStat system in New York City and further expounded by Victor M. Rios’s analysis of the themes over-policing and under-policing. These themes focus on how officers, police certain kinds of deviance and crime such as, loitering, or disturbing the peace, while neglecting other instances when their help is needed . Rios also stresses how the accumulation of minor citations like the ones previously mentioned, play a crucial role in pipelining Black and Latino young males deeper into the criminal justice system. Rios implies that in order to decrease the chances with police interaction one must not physically appear in a way that catches the attention of a police or do anything behavior wise that would lead to someone labeling you as deviant . Unfortunately, over-policing has made it difficult even for those who actually do abide by social norms because even then, they have been victims of criminalization . However, since structural incentives like those that mimic CompStat are in place, police simply ignore constitutional rules and are able to get away with racial profiling, and thus interrogate, and search whomever they please. Since these targeted minorities acknowledge the fact that the police are not always present to enforce the law, they in turn learn strategies in order to protect themselves from violence that surrounds them. Young African American Americans and Latino youth thus become socialized in the “code of the street”, as the criminal justice system possesses no value in their
For the past few years there has been an ongoing debate surrounding the issue of racial profiling. The act of racial profiling may rest on the assumption that African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to commit crimes than any individual of other races or ethnicities. Both David Cole in the article "The Color of Justice" and William in the article "Road Rage" take stance on this issue and argue against it in order to make humanity aware of how erroneous it is to judge people without evidence. Although Cole and William were very successful in matters of showing situations and qualitative information about racial profiling in their articles, both of them fail at some points.
The family of Michael Brown wanted justice for their son in which they felt was an unjust shooting. His mother was quoted expressing mistrust towards the police, "You 're not God. You don 't decide when you 're going to take somebody from here.” (McLaughlin, E. C. (2014, August 15) The family was obviously hurt by the shooting and wanted justice and support. The community began protesting the shooting and Officer Darren Wilson. Chaos broke out in Ferguson and a State of Emergency was issued. The community felt that the shooting was unjust and did not trust police officers. The community response to the shooting often attracted attention and made many political statements. Darren Wilson’s family were interested in maintaining his innocence. They hoped that the investigation would prove to the world that Wilson acted out of self-defense and did not violate Brown’s rights. The Criminal Justice system’s interests all hoped to create reforms and eliminate racism in police departments. On the local level many had to maintain safety in the community and assure proper police procedures. The state had to step into issue curfews and State of Emergencies to keep the state safe despite protests and riots as well as make sure Darren Wilson did not violate any laws of the state of Missouri. The state also hoped to create reforms to better race relations. On the federal level was the investigation which hoped to find out if the
This semester, we talked about how important it is to keep a positive relationship present between the police officers and the community. This theme really starts to emerge in the book in the chapter called, Across the Racial Divide. “There are cities where “clearing corners” is an accepted administratively supported practice: Officers routinely roll up on groups of blacks in public and order everybody to leave” (Kennedy 2011:143). This contradicts the focused deterrence approach they were implementing in cities, and knowing who were committing crimes, and instead officers racially profiling citizens. Also, this correlates to investigatory traffic stops in Pulled Over. “People are especially likely to look beyond respectfulness when, as is true of African Americans, they are a stigmatized group that is commonly and repeatedly subjected to a process that disproportionately disadvantages members of the stigmatized group, and the members of this group have developed a share knowledge of these disparities and of the process that generates them” (Epp, Maynard-Moody, & Haider-Markey 2014:117). This shows that when one race group is always being questioned, or stopped by the police, then there will never be a good relationship between the community and the police. Also, when you had the focused deterrence approach in the cities that implemented in, and police was decreasing crime so that families and business owners can live in a safe place, the relationship will be
Many people claim that racism no longer exists; however, the minorities’ struggle with injustice is ubiquitous. Since there is a mass incarceration of African Americans, it is believed that African Americans are the cause of the severe increase of crimes. This belief has been sent out implicitly by the ruling class through the media. The media send out coded messages that are framed in abstract neutral language that play on white resentment that targets minorities. Disproportionate arrest is the result of racial disparities in the criminal justice system rather than disproportion in offenders. The disparities in the sentencing procedure are ascribed to racial discrimination. Because police officers are also biased, people of color are more likely to be investigated than whites. Police officers practice racial profiling to arrest African Americans under situations when they would not arrest white suspects, and they are more likely to stop African Americans and see them as suspicious (Alexander 150-176). In the “Anything Can Happen With Police Around”: Urban Youth Evaluate Strategies of Surveillance in Public Places,” Michelle Fine and her comrades were inspired to conduct a survey over one of the major social issues - how authority figures use a person’s racial identity as a key factor in determining how to enforce laws and how the surveillance is problematic in public space. Fine believes it is critical to draw attention to the reality in why African Americans are being arrested at a much higher rate. This article reflects the ongoing racial issue by focusing on the injustice in treatment by police officers and the youth of color who are victims. This article is successful in being persuasive about the ongoing racial iss...
This essay will bring to light the problem of racial profiling in the police force and propose the eradication of any discrimination. The Fourth Amendment states “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” Despite this right, multiple minorities across the country suffer at the hands of police officers through racial profiling; the singling out of a person or persons as the main suspect of a crime based on their race. Many people have also suffered the loss of a loved one because police believed the suspect to be a threat based on their races therefore the officers use their authority to take out the “threat”. Although racial profiling may make sense to police officers in the line of duty, through the eyes of the public and those affected by police actions, it is a form a racism that is not being confronted and is allowing unjust convictions and deaths.
While the L.A. riots were far larger, and the effects are still being felt, I still feel that the Watts riots had more of an impact. I had known about the riots previously, as I had been interested and looked into it on my own, but I had not looked into the economic at the time. Seeing that there were not any real economic effects from the riot, and in-fact some things may have gotten even worse, changes how I think of riots reported on in the media. Although there has been little in empirical studies done on the impact of the Watts riots, which is odd due to their importance in recent American history, especially now, it is clear that the riots started a trend of misguided racial tension that continues to this day, one that has prolonged the suffering and disenfranchisement of Blacks in the United States. While I do not believe another riot is the answer, researching this riot has shown me that while the riots can be considered important, the reality is that their effects on society are quite minimal, and only the political discussion of the riots is what has lasted to today. The failure of any real reform since then of the treatment of Blacks in general, let alone in the criminal justice world, shows to me a real lack of justice in the United
You might find yourself reading the topic of this paper and automatically shaking your head in disagreement. After all, this is the 20th century and the Jim Crow Laws are a thing of the past. These laws are something that we read about in our History books. Racial segregation and discrimination is all but a thing of the past. Right?.....................Wrong! The facts and statistics (which I will document below) are overwhelming and the crux of the matter is that racial disparities and bias are indeed found within our criminal justice system today even in the year 2014. The truth is that our U.S. criminal justice system is a very racist system.
The over-reactions of a peaceful protest in Ferguson, Missouri prompted the Black Lives Matter movement. The movement is a response to the over exertion of power by domestic police towards inoccent black citizens. According to (Jaccard 2014), today’s police respond to domestic violence calls and peaceful protests as if they were fighting in the battlefield. This has caused some controversy in black communities, where they feel that they are being targeted because of their race. The movement shines light on the now aggressive nature of our domestic police and how their behaviors threaten local
To look closely at many of the mechanisms in American society is to observe the contradiction between constitutional equality and equality in practice. Several of these contradictions exist in the realm of racial equality. For example, Black s often get dealt an unfair hand in the criminal justice system. In The Real War on Crime, Steven Donziger explains,
This year there's been a lot of brutalities. In fact, there have been at least 500 people killed by the police officers this year. In this article, we are going to be talking about police brutality against African Americans. We are also going to talk about the differences and similarities of different cases that have been in the news this year. For example, the Sandra bland, Eric Garner, Michael Brown, and the Walter Scott cases. Also, we're going to talk about how these cases have affected the African American community.
Some Advocators argued that racial profiling has a major effect on society. In Arrest Development, James B. Forman Argues that, “Blacks are usually the victims of racial profiling; he also argues that unlike the Republican leaders, the Democratic leaders have publicly denouncing racial profiling. Forman believes that racial profiling, turn the police against minorities instead of for them; moreover racial profiling corrupts the effect of equal treatment under the law.” (qtd in Crime and Criminals, 2004).