CHAPTER I
1.1 Introduction
Formwork is defined as temporary structure whose purpose is to provide support and containment for fresh concrete until it can support itself. It moulds the concrete to the desired shape and size and controls its position and alignment. The development of formworks is parallel with the growth of concrete construction throughout the 20th century. The advancement of technology, increase of population and the space limitation lead the way to construct high-rise buildings. But the task was not very easy at the beginning but now the man made the task easy by inventing new machinery and new techniques.
Formwork is a temporary construction; however care must be taken to prevent damage to permanent work. There are some general
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The materials used in such formwork systems are strong, sturdy, precisely-engineered, and accurate in dimension. The formwork system can be repeated large number of times (the possible reuse could be even up to250).
• It produces total quality work the concrete formed with such formwork systems is more durable.
• It is possible to develop a customized solution using such formwork systems for any type of building for example a framed structure involving column beam slab elements or for a box-type structure involving a slab-walls combination.
• Due to the modular nature of the formwork system easy fixing and removal of the formwork is possible resulting into a faster construction cycle the result is typical 4to5 day cycle for a floor to floor construction.
• The operation involved are simple and can be even performed by unskilled crew members the system does not require any sophisticated tool and most of the time most operation can be performed with a hammer.
• The erection of the formwork components used in this system is achieved manually and thus no mechanical equipment for handling and erection is required.
Construction steps in MIVAN formwork
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This also applies to setting and stripping forms. The more you work with the same configuration, the fewer errors you make, and the faster the job goes. In formwork, though, there's an added benefit; the repetition saves you a lot of money. Because labour alone accounts for up to 30 percent of concrete structural frame costs, reductions in man-hours can significantly reduce job costs. Cutting man-hours is a team effort by the designer and the contractor. DESIGNER'S ROLE The designer can do two things to make formwork more constructible: repeat design modules, and avoid irregularities in the shape of concrete. CONTRACTOR'S ROLE Contractors also can lower formwork costs by following these recommendations: design formwork for quality and safety; lay out a detailed work plan for forming
Activities; review formwork plan in relation to the whole project. Both the contractor and designer can reduce formwork labour costs by creating repetition on the job. This repetition increases productivity and job constructability, thus saving the owner money and increasing a contractor's profit.
4.9.3
The Regulations set out a framework to help employers avoid or reduce the risk of injury resulting from manual handling activities. The basic principle is that where manual handling of loads, which involves a risk of injury (particularly to the back) is present, the employer must take measures to avoid or reduce the need for such manual handling.
The architecture and engineering firm hired with the task of designing and constructing the tower, SOM, assigned Bruce Graham and Fazlur Khan to the project. They implemented a bundled tube design that was the first of its kind on such a large project that paved the way for the design and construction of future skyscrapers. This design allowed for 4.5 million square feet of office space, more customization of the floor layouts, up to 3 foot of sway within the building, and the stiffness needed to stay standing at the height in which it was built. The tubular design also allowed Sears to save about $10,000,000 on steel alone compared to previously used steel frame designs. Additionally, SOM managed to save 95% of the time usually spent welding by using prefabricated parts referred to as Christmas trees. This not only majorly sped up the process, but allowed Sear to save on labor costs. In addition to 3 trussed layers in the building, there were trusses and spandrel beams designed into every floor to help the load distribute more evenly.
The structural system, deriving from the I.B.M. Building in Seattle, is impressively simple. The 208-foot wide facade is, in effect, a prefabricated steel lattice, with columns on 39-inch centres acting as wind bracing to resist all overturning forces; the central core takes only the gravity loads of the building. A very light, economical structure results by keeping the wind bracing in the most efficient place, the outside surface of the building, thus not transferring the forces through the floor membrane to the core, as in most curtain-wall structures. Office spaces will have no interior columns. In the upper floors there is as much as 40,000 square feet of office space per floor. The floor construction is of prefabricated trussed steel, only 33 inches in depth, that spans the full 60 feet to the core, and also acts as a diaphragm to stiffen the outside wall against lateral buckling forces from wind-load pressures.
...fsite the construction activities can be broken up and completed simultaneously at various locations hence shortening the construction duration by the dispersing the work (Haas, O’Connor, Tucker, Eickmann, Fagerlund, 2000).
Simple machines are used to let people do certain tasks without using a lot of force. They increase the effect of a certain input distance, speed, or force. They also are able to help change direction. Simple machines consist of levers, pulleys, inclined planes, wedges, screws, wheel and axles, and gears. 1Some of these simple machines combined create compound machines. Some examples of compound machines are a wheel barrow that consists of a wheel and axle and a lever, and a cork screw which has two levers and a screw. 1There is a tendency for compound machines to have a lower efficiencies than simple machines. 1Compound machines however, have greater mechanical advantages than simple machines.
（Wu，2005） It makes the construction become efficient and safety if contractor requested change order generally, and also could make construction quality and surrounding friendliness. （Wu，2005） Without demanding extra costs, the project owner most of time that accepted change order requests（Wu，2005）. There are some situations in the original construction process. Such as the underground conditions , this caused by lacking of construction site investigation by the design department, or further requirements of underground developments or improvement of underground monitoring and sensing, and differing underground condition and seepage when construction excavation. Hsieh(2004)agreed that “Underground conditions tend to be more complicated in the depth range of 2–5 m below ground, and all the more complicated in areas that were previously riverbed”. Otherwise, unsuitable construction methods or the other human mistakes could also result in man-made disasters, which mean on-site work of repairing would cause change designs.
The Construction industry in the US has faced some interesting changes throughout its progression. From economic instability during the housing market crash to amazing technological advances to reduce the need for construction workers and therefore the cost associated with newly built properties in the real estate market. Beginning with the first tools ancient man used to carve their niche in the soon to be global expansion of arguably one of the oldest trades in history, construction has a rich history of trial and error, analysis and engineering that covers a very necessary skill that directly affects everyone who seeks and finds shelter, a place to work or any aspect of public works and many
There are several advantages of this traditional route in the construction industry. First, the designs are completed before tender and tender can provide good time and cost control. Also, the tenderer can receive complete information and design and they can be bidding on the same basis, so the competitive is fair. Moreover, this is design-led and the client can change the design ability, so the level of functionality and quality will be increased in the overall design. And then, it is relatively easy of variations to arrange and manage if the design will be changed because client’s needs and technology. Also, traditional paths are a tried and tested route, so it is well established and the market is very familiar with. Furthermore, it is good price certainty at the award of the contract because of full set information.
Concrete also has its advantages. Concrete does not corrode, therefore concrete structures require less maintenance. Besides that, concrete has resistance to fire, therefore it is safer compare to the timber structure. Concrete has also resistance to cyclic loading.
The framing process is probably the fastest part of building a house. A good framing crew can frame an average size house in just a couple of days. The framing of the house consists of the floor system, walls, and roof system. The framing is th...
My father purchased state of the art Davis machinery; the control panel of which was a mass of gauges and levers reminiscent of a NASA creation. The diggers were not difficult to operate, only confusing, until study and practice made the controls
It is made from different materials by skill carpenters. Formwork is commonly made of Steel and Timber.
In order to improve the efficiency, workers are required not to think during finishing small tasks in assemble line working in some factories, so workers act like robots. What is more important , simple and repeat task can not provide innovation and inspiration for workers, which keeps the assemble line in a stable environment. Assembly line production can also suffer from personnel issues due to the monotony of the work. In craft or job production, a worker is typically responsible for the creation of an entire product and may be called upon to use a variety of different skills. Many assembly lines are so segmented that each worker is expected to perform a single task over and over again, which may result in motivational issues.
...ir non-automated competitors.”(Mahoney,J). Mahoney J speaks on how the companies with the CAD program have a certain edge over companies that still use manual drafting. Will also improve the work quality of their coworkers. Works on the communicative skills with customers and also other people when it’s time to present their house project. Constructions companies benefit from CAD. Makes house building easier. Makes building blueprints easier. All of this shows that Computer Aided Design can benefit the construction industry.
When trying to design for automated construction systems, all parameters of a construction process must be integrated accurately and constantly to satisfy relevant parties, and finally, the quality of construction materials and products in terms of geometry, physical and design aspects will be changed. In order to reach automated construction goals, all the following aspects have to be fulfilled: