Fluorine is a corrosive, pale yellow gas and is the smallest of the Halogen group but also the element with the highest electronegativity in the Periodic Table. With such a high electronegativity it makes fluorine the most reactive of all of the elements. The high electronegativity of fluorine is beneficial in several goods, for example; polymers, toothpastes, pesticides, cancer drugs, and antibiotics. Fluorochloro-hydrocarbons are widely used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and have been associated with the vanishing of the ozone layer (Stillinger, 1988). Teflon, the non-stick polymer, is a series of carbon-fluorine chains. Some fluoride salts are useful in the metal industry, especially in the production of aluminum and uranium. Fluorine …show more content…
Fluorine is found in the minerals fluorspar (CaF2) and cryolite (Na3AlF6) (McQuarrie, 2007). Fluorine toughens the crystalline structure of bones and teeth, making them far less prone to breakage or decay, hence why it is a main ingredient in toothpaste. Some cities put fluorine salts into the water system to help keep the population safe from tooth decay.
Chlorine is a caustic, green and yellow gas that is attained by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions. Chlorine salt is found in salt water such as seas, oceans and salt water lakes and in various minerals. The most common mineral of chlorine is the halite (sodium chloride) (McQuarrie, 2007). Similar to fluorine chlorine salts (halides) are beneficial to the human body. A muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl), is used in the stomach for digestion and the chlorine ion (Chloride, Cl-) is an electrolyte that the body utilizes to send electrical impulses.
There are many uses for chlorine which is why over nine-hundred thousand tons are produced in the United States annually. There is so much produced because of all the uses, household and industrial bleach, production of solvents, paper products, dyes, textiles, medicines, insecticides, paints, refrigerants and plastics, particularly the plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC), extractor for metal ions in compounds, and disinfection for water systems
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At room temperature iodine is solid and gray but when heated iodine transfers straight from a gray solid to a violet purple gas. Iodine is found primarily in seawater, sea weed, old salt brines and salt wells, and costal sand and nitrate deposits. Iodine is formed similar to bromine; chlorine oxidizes the iodide ion (I-) found in seaweed into iodine (I) (McQuarrie, 2007). Silver iodide (AgI) and calcium diiodate (Ca(IO3)2) are the most common minerals of iodine. Although pure iodine is toxic, elemental iodine is combined with potassium or sodium to create medicines and surgical antiseptics (Black, 2001). Silver iodide (AgI) is used in chemicals of dark room photography and in cloud seeding, and iodine is added to table salt. Like fluorine and chlorine iodine is essential to the human body. Iodine is a plays a key role in the function of thyroid hormones. An iodine deficiency will cause goiter, a thyroid deficiency disease where there is swelling of the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland enlarges in order to produce more iodine. This can be treated with potassium iodide (KI).
Astatine was not featured in the Interchapter but it is considered part of the halogen group. Astatine is a dark colored, metallic solid. Astatine is highly radioactive and is produced synthetically by blasting bismuth (Bi) with alpha particles, it can be obtained naturally from thorium (Th) or uranium (U) decay (David, 2013). The most stable
Then, an amount of KI (solid) about a size that would fit on a match head was dissolved in 0.05 of Potassium Iodate solution and about 1 mL of water and 1 mL of 1 M HCl were added, which exhibited a weak positive test for IO_3^- (aq). After the weak positive test, an amount of KI (solid) about a size that would fit on a match head was dissolved in about 1 mL of water and 1 mL of 1 M HCl, which exhibited a negative
Thesis Statement: Concerns for water fluoridation stem from the toxicity of fluoride, the dangers fluoride pose to the body, and equal declining tooth decay seen for fluoridated and non-fluoridated countries.
All water sources, whether fresh or salt, have varying levels of fluoride (Awofeso, 2012). Around 1945 it was discovered that communities with higher rates of naturally occurring fluoride had lower rates of tooth decay (Dean, 1938) which resulted in the addition of artificial fluoride to public water supplies. The incidence of tooth decay fell drastically in fluoridated communities as a result, leading to widespread adoption of public water fluoridation as a public health strategy.
The primary goal of this laboratory project was to identify an unknown compound and determine its chemical and physical properties. First the appearance, odor, solubility, and conductivity of the compound were observed and measured so that they could be compared to those of known compounds. Then the cation present in the compound was identified using the flame test. The identity of the anion present in the compound was deduced through a series of chemical tests (Cooper, 2009).
Safely Warning: Do not taste any substance in this activity. Iodine solution and some powders are hazardous...
In our experiment we utilized the hydrate cobaltous chloride. Hydrates are crystalline compounds in which one or more molecules of water are combined with each unit of a salt. Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate is an inorganic compound which is a deep rose color in its hydrated form. As an inducer of
We often say how lucky we are to live in a place where we have access to safe water at any time but what if that was questioned? What if our water isn’t safe; it’s just that now we can’t see the dangers? Throughout the world 25 first world countries fluoridate some amount of their water artificially; almost half of these countries have the majority of their population drinking this chemically enhanced liquid every single day. In the UK 11% of us only have access to fluoridated water [70% in Ireland], and in the USA its 60%. After a quick browse on Google, the information about fluoride that can be learned from the NHS is mainly about teeth and tooth decay as fluoride is put in our toothpaste due to its claimed abilities to help tooth enamel fight attack [nothing has ever alluded to supporting this claim]. What can’t be seen at
Fluoride is a trace of nutrients that occurs naturally in water and foods (Wilson). Fluoride has been a problem in the US for quite some time now. And as time goes along, it gets more worse. The only way to fight this problem off is to use less fluoride in our daily lives. This is something everyone should know about because it is getting to the point where it is affecting people's health. The question is, is fluoride being overused in the US? Many people are getting little benefits by the naturally occurring fluoride, plus they are getting more fluoride from the dentist office. There is only a certain amount of fluoride you should intake per day, and these days those numbers are higher than they should be. Fluoride is shown that is it being overused in the US by health issues, chemical intake, and children concerns.
Arsenic is element 33 on the periodic table and is in Group 15. Arsenic is obviously an extremely poisonous element; however, some people have found arsenic to have a restorative effect on them. Chemically, arsenic is a metalloid. Two common forms of arsenic are gray and yellow. (see Figure 1-A) Element 33 has an atomic weight of 74.9216 and the chemical symbol of As. It boils at 613ºC, melts at 817ºC, and has a density of 5.72. (see Figure 2-A) The element has been known for centuries and can be easily obtained from ores such as arsenopyrite (FeAsS), realgar (As2S2), orpiment (As2S3), and arsenic trioxide (As2O3). There are many uses for arsenic. Among them is in the manufacturing of glass to eliminate the air bubbles and the green color caused by contaminated iron compounds. Arsenic is also added to materials such as lead and copper alloys to increase the strength and better the corrosion resistance. Although it is well known that arsenic is often used in tales (both true and otherwise) as a killing agent, arsenic has been used as a curative as well. Before penicillin was introduced, arsenic played a significant role in the treatment of syphilis. Other good uses for element 33 are as insecticides and semiconductors. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a known semiconductor that is also used as a laser material. A good test for the detection of arsenic is the Marsh test, invented by James Marsh, an English chemist.
... The arrest rate for caries on both permanent and primary teeth was 77%. In comparison, in a study done on children in Greenland, the arrest rate for dental caries applied with just NaF varnish was only 33%(Ekstrand, et al; 2010). In answering the PICO question, silver diamine fluoride is more effective at arresting dentinal caries than sodium fluoride varnish. In reviewing these research studies, SDF is an affordable, effaceable alternative to restorative treatment that can be particularly helpful in areas without much dental care, equipment, or facilities.
Another unique characteristic of Teflon is its weather resistance ("Teflon PTFE fluoropolymer resin" 29). In multiple trials, it was discovered that Teflon was dependable throughout fifteen years of different weather scenarios such as high heat, extreme cold, and ultraviolet rays. The resins coming from its fluoroethylene base also does not react with a majority of chemicals. There are a few exceptions such as fluorine in the gas state, extremely hot alkali metals, and some compounds like chlorine trifluoride and oxygen difluoride ("Teflon PTFE fluoropolymer resin"
Seventy percent of the US population now receives fluoridated drinking water, an industrial grade level chemical most commonly associated with the prevention of tooth decay, and in Virginia especially, 95.7% of all public water is fluoridated (CDC). I present this numbers to your concern because for something that is almost in all public drinking water, it is not informed to the average Virginia citizen, but that is not the primary issue I am addressing you for. My main matter of concern is that more recent studies performed by scientist in the US and abroad are now finally advocating decade old cautions back then just acknowledged as unsubstantial research or even myths on how rather potentially hazardous the fluoridation of water is for
Aoki, T., Munemori, M.. Continuous Flow of Free Chlorine in Water. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 1983, 55, 209-212
Without compounds of sodium life could not exist. In body tissues these compounds hold water, and sodium can cause death when you have a severe deficiency of sodium. Sodium compounds solutions are also found in blood. In the manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceuticals Sodium compounds are used in the production of hundreds of every day products, industry, in metallurgy, and in sodium vapor lamps. Table salt or sodium chloride is one of...
In chemistry there are a lot of elements on the periodic table. One of the elements is hydrogen. Hydrogen the first element in the periodic table it is colorless, combustible and lightest of all gases. It was first artificially produced in the early 16th century by Henry Cavendish. As we know hydrogen can be used as fuel, and the fossil fuel energy has been used in many areas, but human can’t produce the fossil energy fuel by themselves, the more we use, the less we have left, so hydrogen may be used as the most common use fuel instead of gases in the future, it is not only used as fuel but also extensively used in different areas, such as industry, agriculture, medicine, and research.