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Brain and neural development from infancy through toddlerhood scholar
Effects of preterm birth
Brain and neural development from infancy through toddlerhood scholar
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In the United States one in eight births are preterm (“Funding for Premature Related Research”).Premature means that the baby is born early, which is any baby born before thirty-seven weeks but health problems are usually only a problem for babies born before thirty-four weeks (“Funding for Premature Related Research”). Premature births are the leading cause for neonatal deaths and half of all premature births have no known causes (Lynch and Dezen). Babies who survive prematurity face multiple health problems including cerebral disease, vision and hearing loss, mental retardation, and lung problems (Lees, Reynolds,andMcCartan). Obviously with so many premature babies being born today, with so many unknown neonatal deaths in premature babies, and with all of the health problems for premature babies, there is a problem that must be addressed.The government needs to further fund research for the care and prevention of premature babies to prevent unnecessary death and health problems, cut costs in the long run, put previous findings into effect and reduce parental stress. Death among premature babies is a growing epidemic which extensive research could prevent. Reported by the march of dimes “about 19,000 babies died in their first month, in the United States” (“Newborn Loss”). There are countless amounts of babies dying each year due to the lack of research. Funding for this needed research on premature babies would prevent the amount of countless deaths among infants in the world. If these lives were saved by new research this would impact more countless lives in a positive way instead of letting death negatively affect new infants and relatives. Newly funded research could also lead to more known causes for these deaths. Half of al... ... middle of paper ... ...ting." European Report, 7 Apr. 2001: n. pag. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. Devlin, Hannah. "Don't Let The Forces Of Unreason Stop Research; Scientists Should Be Braver In Defending Animal Experiments And Open Up Their Labs Series: Editorial; Opinion, Columns." Times of London 7, 07 2013,: n. pag. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. Morrison, Nick. "Animal Rights and Wrongs." Northern Echo, 24 Feb. 2001: n. pag. elibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. Mukerjee, Madhusree, Laurie Grace, and Bryan Christie. "Trends in Animal Research." Scientific American, 2 Feb. 1997: n. pag. elibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. Rick Bogle Alliance for Animals. "It Is Time to Revisit Experimentation on Animals." Wisconsin State Journal, 7 08 2013, All ed., The Cap Times: n. pag. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. Zissou, Rebecca. "Makeup Makeover." Junior Scholastic, 15 Apr. 2013: n. pag. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
The information that animals have provided scientists over the past decades has changed society, and is still changing society for the better. Millions of lives have been saved with the use of animal testing and many more will be saved with continued research. However, there are many who dismiss this monumental achievement completely and oppose the use of animals in laboratory research. Though many find this practice to be
Wolff, Jonathan. "Pro and Con Positions Oversimplify Animal Experimentation Issues."Animal Experimentation. Ed. Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. At Issue. Rpt. from "Killing Softly." Guardian. 28 Mar. 2006. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 2 Mar. 2014.
In modern society, animal experimentation has triggered a controversy; consequently, vast amount of protests have been initiated by the animal rights community. Although these organizations have successfully broadcasted their concerns toward animal experimentation, its application continues to survive. Sally Driscoll and Laura Finley inform that there remain fifty million to one-hundred million animals that experience testing or experimentation throughout the world on a yearly basis. But despite opposition, animal experimentation, the use of experiments on animals in order to observe the effects an unknown substance has on living creatures, serves multiple purposes. Those particular purposes are: research of the living body, the testing of
“Animals and Research Part 4: Ethics of using animals in research.” Editorial. Seattle Post-Intelligencer 20 Apr. 2000 <http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/anml4.shtml>.
Petraglia, F., Strauss, J.F. (III), Gabbe, S.G.,& Weiss, G. (2007). Preterm birth: mechanisms, mediators, prediction, prevention and interventions. United Kingdom: London.
According to the CDC, “In 2012, preterm birth affected more than 450,000 babies—that's 1 of every 9 infants born in the United States. Preterm-related causes of death together accounted for 35% of all infant deaths in 2010, more than any other single cause. Preterm birth is also a leading cause of long-term neurological disabilities in children. Preterm birth costs the U.S. health care system more than $26 billion in 2005” (Preterm Birth, 2014). These statistics are alarming, but with the proper prenatal care and education, premature birth rates can be reduced. The student nurse’s health promotion project focused on educating women and their families about proper prenatal care. According to the journal “Prevention of Premature Birth: Do Pediatricians Have a Role?” there are many secondary and tertiary preventions related to premature birth. Some secondary preventions are utilized scoring systems for identifying high-risk factors, bed rest, decreased strenuous physical activity and stress, smoking cessation programs, and nutritional supplementation programs. Tertiary prevention is directed at stopping the progress of labor with tocolytic drugs while enhancing lung maturation with steroids, and to also treat premature rupture of membranes and premature labor with antibiotics. Prenatal education is the primary prevention to help decrease the risk for birth
The first reason why animal experimentation should be put to a good stop is the scientists’ usage of endangered animals. The U.S. Department of agriculture lately estimated that about 1.6 million animals are used in medical and pharmaceutical research (Gaughen 4). Most of the animals that are involved in ...
Orlans, F. 1993. In the name of Science: Issue in responsible Animal Experimentation. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Tom Regan, “The Case for Animal Rights,” in In Defense of Animals, ed. Peter Singer (Oxford:
There are many factors in which parents need to take into consideration before and after your baby is born that can affect their health. There are certain precautions every parent must take in order to keeping their child healthy. The first years of a child’s life (including in the womb) is very crucial to the child’s physical, mental, emotional, and social growth. Some of the resulting defects a child may have resulting from the irresponsibility of parents before and after the baby is born includes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), The Effects of Smoking on a Developing Fetus and/or Baby, Shaken Baby Syndrome, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
A. A. “The Case Against Animal Rights.” Animal Rights Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Janelle Rohr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989.
Waples KA, Stagoll CS. Ethical issues in the release of animals from captivity. Roundtable. 1997; 115-120.
Currently the United States is 169 out of the total 224 in infant mortality compared to other countries, with 1 being the worst. As stated before there are ways that we can prevent infant mortality so that it is less common. Being a first world country we have a variety of resources to help prevent infant mortality. Some of the ways that we can reduce infant mortality is by providing proper care for the infant during pregnancy, pr...
Preterm birth is defined as ‘any neonate whose birth occurs before the thirty seventh week of gestation’1 and represents approximately eight percent of all pregnancies1-4. It is eminent that these preterm infants are at risk of physical and neurological delay, with prolonged hospitalisation and an increased risk of long-term morbidity evident in prior literature3, 5-13. Innovative healthcare over the past thirty years has reduced mortality significantly14, with the survival rate of preterm infants having increased from twenty five percent in 1980 to seventy three percent in 200715. Despite, this drop in mortality long-term morbidity continues to remain within these surviving infants sparking a cause for concern15, 16.
Orlans, F. Barbara. In the Name of Science:Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation. New York: Oxford UP: Oxford UP, 1993.