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Has addiction been studied as a disease essays
Has addiction been studied as a disease essays
Simple neurobiology of addiction
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The term addiction originates from the Latin words for both “bound to” and “enslaved by”; a fitting ideology for those experiencing the symptoms of addiction through a loved one, or even personally. Addiction ranges from a number of categories. For instance, food, sex, gambling, alcohol, and drugs can give rise to addiction, among numerous others. Descriptive of all these examples, addictive substances are characterized by two principles: reinforcing stimuli and rewarding outcome. Addiction is a medical condition distinguished by biological and psychological factors. These factors, after repeated exposure of a rewarding stimuli, give rise to changes in learning and memory. However, addiction has not always been perceived as a medical condition. In the 1900’s, addiction was not discerned as a …show more content…
Studies on families and twins have demonstrated a genetic influence in the development of drug addiction. The contribution of genetics to addiction is relatively high, with rates ranging from 40-60 percent, although the exact role of genes is not yet fully characterized (Gardner 2011). Experiential factors also contribute to the disease of addiction. Just as nature vs. nurture is not an either or ideology, neither is this. Both genetic and experiential factors work together to create the addiction behavioral phenotype (Gardner 2011). Moreover, the functioning of the brains reward circuity in cases of addiction arise from both genetic and social factors. The use of addictive drugs develops from controlled use into the compulsive and relapsing characterization of addiction; this transition is a combination of genetic, developmental, and environmental vulnerabilities, combined with drug induced plasticity in brain circuitry that strengthens learned drug-associated behavior at the expense of adaptive responding for natural rewards (Gardner
There are many different definitions in which people provide regarding addiction. May (1988) describes that addiction “is a state of compulsion, obsession, or preoccupation that enslaves a person’s will and desire” (p. 14). Individuals who suffer from addiction provide their time and energy toward other things that are not healthy and safe. The book
According to Leshner, drug addiction is a chronic brain disease that is expressed in the form of compulsive behaviors (Leshner, 2001). He believes that drug addiction is influence by both biological, and behavioral factors, and to solve this addiction problem we need to focus on these same factors. On the other hand, Neil Levy argues that addiction is not a brain disease rather it is a behavioral disorder embedded in social context (Levy, 2013). I believe, drug addiction is a recurring brain disease that can be healed when we alter and eliminate all the factors that are reinforcing drug addiction.
Sally Satel, author of “Addiction Doesn’t Discriminate? Wrong,” leads us down a harrowing path of the causes and effects that lead people to addiction. It can be a choice, possibly subconscious, or a condition that leads a person left fighting a lifelong battle they did not intend to sign up for. Mental and emotional health/conditions, personality traits, attitudes, values, behaviors, choices, and perceived rewards are just a few of the supposed causes of becoming an addict.
Volkows, N. D., & Muenke, M. (2012). Human Genetics. The genetics of addiction, Vol 131(6), 773-777. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-012-1173-3
In the book, Addiction & Grace: Love and Spirituality in the Healing of Addictions, May explores how addiction develops and can be treated from a psychological, physiological, and spiritual standpoint. This theme is clearly shown throughout the text as it shows addiction from a whole person's perspective. The book covers the development of addiction from desire through the experience of addiction. The key focus is on looking at the matter of addiction from multiple stand points then broken down by explaining how addiction is an issue psychologically, physiologically, and spiritually. By focusing on these three areas, the author is able to present the reader with a clear understanding of addiction from all sides of the problem.
Addiction is one of the most common problems worldwide from a very long time. For centuries, people used drugs, alcohol, tobacco and struggled with the problem of physical addictions. Nowadays, the problem of addiction became larger including behavioral addictions like gambling, sex, shopping, internet addiction etc. However, there are still different views about its nature and classification. According to West (2013, p. 22), the reason for this uncertainty is that addiction is a multifaceted, socially defined concept rather than something physical that has clear and unique boundaries. Therefore, it is important to know what addiction actually is. Although there are different definitions of addiction, an objective definition that contains its basic features is:
George F. Koob defines addiction as a compulsion to take a drug without control over the intake and a chronic relapse disorder (1). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association defined "substance dependence" as a syndrome basically equivalent to addiction, and the diagnostic criteria used to describe the symptoms of substance dependence to a large extent define compulsion and loss of control of drug intake (1). Considering drug addiction as a disorder implies that there are some biological factors as well as social factors.
Advances in the fields of neural and behavioral sciences have led to this new-found definition of addiction. Researchers have identified physical differences between the structure of an addict’s brain and the brain of a “non-addict,” implying that these habits are behaviors that alter pathways built by neurons and synapses, as well as altering the availability of recently identified receptors, gene expression, and even an addict’s responsiveness to his/her environment. Biologists have also uncovered elements common to all addiction, regardless of the substance that is being abused. Such standardization acts as a great advancement in treating the disease (1).
Lanthrop’s argument that substance abuse is caused by both your environment and genetics is very intriguing. Not only does Lanthrop use strong medical and statistical evidence in his statement, he uses personal experience. By using his personal experience in his argument, Lanthrop establishes credibility or ethos with his readers as well as emotional appeal or pathos. By establishing credibility and appealing to the emotional side of readers Lanthrop effectively argues that substance abuse is impacted by a person’s environment and their genetic code. However, out of the two main causes of substance abuse, genetics has the greatest impact on one’s substance abuse issue.
Addiction, like other diseases, has the tendency to be genetic. “Addictive drugs induce adaptive changes in gene expression in the brain’s reward regions” (Bevilacqua and Goldman 359–361). The disease is also influenced by environmental conditions and behavior. Addiction genes can be passed down through family members of many generations. If one has addiction in their genes tries a drug and someone who does not have addiction in their genes and tries the same drug, it is more likely that the person with the gene will become addicted over the one without. Environmental conditions can also be a factor because someone’s lifestyle could contribute to addiction. Factors such as stress and peer pressure can influence drug or alcohol abuse. Behavior can also contribute to addiction because if a person’s attitude is obsessive and they have an addictive personality, they could become addicted to a substance. In “Addiction is Not a Disease” Daniel Akst explains actual diseases are Alzheimer’s and Schizophrenia, not addiction. For example, Akst mentions that “addicts tend to quit when the going gets hard” (Akst.) He also clarifies that addicts have the choice to have that extra drink or those extra pills every
There are many assumptions of why an individual may use different substances and perhaps go from a “social” user to becoming addicted. Understanding the different theories models of addiction many help in the process of treatment for the addict. Although people in general vary in their own ideologies of addiction when working as a clinician one must set aside their own person beliefs. Typically as a clinician it is best for the client to define how they view their addiction and their view may encompass more than one of the five theories. Some theories suggest genetic and other biological factors whiles others emphasize personality or social factors. In this study three theories are defined and given to three different people with different cultural backgrounds, different ideologies, different experiences, and most importantly different reference point of addiction.
There are several philosophies of addiction (Colorado Technical University, 2017). First, the reciprocal gene-environment theory proposes that genetic is culprit behind addiction. If an individual inherits addiction tendencies, then that person as a rule may develop an addiction problem. In other word, these groups of people are already predisposed to becoming drugs abuser and alcoholics. The theory also suggests that these tendencies are based on environmental factors. Environmental trends are generally what cause a person to become addicted. For example, when the individual is under a certain environment pressure the way they cope with these issues is by using and abusing drugs and alcohol. Conversely, the gene-environment theory also maintains
It is important to consider how addiction to drugs begins. “Genetics accounts for approximately half of an individual’s vulnerability to addiction, including effects of the environment on gene function and expression” (Volkow). This basically means that once a person is exposed to drugs, they are more likely to become addicted to drugs after that exposure if their genes make them more vulnerable to addiction. Consequently, not every person who is exposed to drugs will develop an addiction because they do not have the genetic make-up that makes them an addictive person, meaning that: “…predisposing genes interact with [exposure to drugs] and other environmental factors to create vulnerability” (Volkow). People cannot change their genetic make-up to prevent themselves from becoming addicted to drugs. They can only limit their exposure to a drug filled...
Men, women, and children live through the harmful effects of drug abuse and dependence. “Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry” (American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2016, para, 1). Addictions can have undesirable effects on the individual’s job duties, relationships, and well-being. People with addictions may not notice or realize that their behavior is uncontrollable and initiating difficulties for themselves and others. In this paper, it will discuss the various addictions and how it begins, the physical effects of addictions and how it impacts relationships, long-term problems, confronting the substance abuse and taking responsibility.
Humans are environmentally and genetically predisposed to developing a motivated addictive behavior. Addiction is a brain disease and a behavior. All behaviors are choices. Choices that adolescences make at a young age directly affect the outcomes of their futures. Many factors contribute to an adolescence becoming an addict or exhibiting a drug seeking behavior. Nearly all drugs of abuse increase dopamine release. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in drug abuse and addiction. Dopamine plays a role in reward motivated behaviors, motor control and important hormones. It’s known as the “feel good hormone” which is why people abuse drugs that increase the release of dopamine. Since life is unpredictable, our brains have evolved the ability to remodel themselves in response to our experiences. The more we practice an activity the more neurons developed in order to fine-tune that activity causing addictive behaviors to be detrimental.