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Fetal circulation consists of
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The placenta is an extraordinary organ that links the foetus to the mother whilst keeping the blood supply separate and carrying out functions that the unborn child cannot on its own. It acts as an endocrine organ, synthesising hormones essential for the growth and development of the foetus; it provides an immunological function, passing antibodies for immunity from mother to child; but perhaps most importantly, it provides nutrition in the form of oxygen, glucose and other substances whilst excreting waste products such as carbon dioxide.
The placenta and foetus feature many adaptations to ensure the most efficient gas exchange and to ensure high oxygen availability to the foetus . Gas exchange across the placental blood-blood barrier is
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(University of Michigan Medical School, 1999). The syncytiotrophoblast is covered with many structures known as chorionic villi which transport oxygen from the maternal blood circulation to the foetal circulation and vastly increase the surface area of the chorion for gas exchange to take place. They project through the syncytiotrophoblast into the intervillous space where they are directly in contact with the maternal blood. The placenta itself is averages 22cm in diameter (Yetter, J, 1998) but the chorion has an approximate surface area of 12m2 (Wang Y and Zhao S, 2010) allowing for a much greater surface over which oxygen exchange can take …show more content…
libr. women's med., (ISSN: 1756-2228) DOI 10.3843/GLOWM.10101
Austin, C and Short R (1972) Embryonic and Fetal Development. Cambridge University Press. Pg 78
Blackburn, Susan Tucker (2007) Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Physiology: A Clinical Perspective 3rd edition. Saunders Elsevier. Pg 104.
Colorado State University (2000) Transport Across the Placenta http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/transport.html [accessed 15/01/2014]
Donnelly, Leo and Campling, Gillian (2011) Functions of the placenta, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Volume 12, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 111-115, ISSN 1472-0299, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2010.11.001.
Embryology (n.d.) The Physiology of the Placenta: Role of the placenta in the feto-maternal exhcnage processes. Human Embryology. http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/fplacenta/physio02.html [accessed 15/01/2014]
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Introduction: The purpose of this lab is to have a better understanding of the internal and external anatomy. The reasons for performing this lab is that pigs are similar to humans because they have skin, omnivores and as fetus they receive nutrients from an umbilical cord connected to the mother. As well as the similarities to human organ systems. The hypothesis of this lab is if the fetal pig has a similar organ system of a human and assuming those organs will be in the same locations as in a human then the organ systems should operate in the same fashion. Based on what I’ve learned from this lab and what I’ve learned during lecture I predict that the fetal pigs nervous and circulatory system would operate and look the same way as in a human.
Biology 2A03 Lab 4 Respiratory Gas Exchange in a Mouse Lab Manual. Winter Term 2014 (2014). Biology Department. McMaster University.
When you breathe in, air containing carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) it moves down your trachea; a tunnel containing cartilage and smooth tissue. Air then travels through two hollow tubes called bronchi; narrow branches lined with smooth muscle, mucosal and ringed cartilage to support the structure. The bronchi divide out into smaller tunnels called bronchioles; are small branches 0.5-1mm, lined with muscular walls to help dilate and constrict the airway. At the end of the bronchioles are little air sacs called alveoli; which assist in gas exchange of O2 and CO2. (Eldridge, 2016) Towards the end of alveoli are small blood vessel capillaries. O2 is moved through the blood stream through theses small blood vessels (capillaries) at the end of the alveoli and the CO2 is then exhaled. (RolandMedically,
In most hospital delivery rooms, the doctors will routinely clamp and sever the umbilical cord with in fifteen to thirty seconds of the mother giving birth. When clamping the cord, the doctors will clamp the cord in two places, one close to the infant and then again in the middle of the cord another clamp. By delaying the clamping, fetal blood in the placental transfusion can provide the infant with an additional thirty percent more blood volume and up to sixty percent more blood cells (McDonald, S., & Middleton, P., 2009). This reduces the risk of the hemorrhaging that could occur after birth. But with new ongoing studies, it is said that by delaying the clamping of the cor...
The circulatory system and respiratory system share a highly important relationship that is crucial to maintaining the life of an organism. In order for bodily processes to be performed, energy to be created, and homeostasis to be maintained, the exchange of oxygen from the external environment to the intracellular environment is performed by the relationship of these two systems. Starting at the heart, deoxygenated/carbon-dioxide (CO2)-rich blood is moved in through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle when the heart is relaxed. As the heart contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to capillaries in the lungs. As the organism breathes and intakes oxygenated air, oxygen is exchanged with CO2 in the blood at the capillaries. As the organism breathes out, it expels the CO2 into the external environment. For the blood in the capillaries, it is then moved into pulmonary veins and make
Uebel, P. (1999). A case study of antenatal distress and consequent neonatal respiratory distress. Neonatal Network. 18 (5). 67-70
Deering, S.H. (2004). Abruptio placentae. Department of obstetrics and gynecology: Madigan army medical center, 2, 3.
It is when much needed oxygen is obtained by the body in order for respiration to take place and the waste CO2 is taken out of the body. In us mammals, the exchange takes place in the lungs which contain a large number of alveoli. These are sponge-like structures in which the diffusion takes place. They are highly adapted to diffuse the gases as they give a large surface area for exchange of the gases.
Sadler, T. W., and Jan Langman. Langman's Medical Embryology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. Print.
Technology has had a very prominent influence on electronic fetal monitoring since its appearance in the 1960’s and 1970’s. For many years, fetal monitoring was simply done by listening to a fetal heartbeat through a stethoscope. Dramatic changes in the heartbeat, such as a long period or a drop in the rate or intensity, could be detected,. Now, not only is the electronic fetal monitor used on the outside of the womb by strapping electrodes to the mother’s abdomen but electrodes can also be inserted during the first stage of labor and placed directly on the baby’s head. With advanced technologies such as this the acidity of the infant’s blood as well as the heart rate can be measured.
It is used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones which make it hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother’s insulin in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal changes during the pregnancy cause the body to be less sensitive to insulin. Insulin has the job of opening up the cells so that the glucose can get inside, regulating the amount of glucose in the blood while glucose is the amount of sugar in the blood stream. In pregnancy, the body needs to make three times more insulin to control the blood sugar.
Storck, Susan, MD. "In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Feb. 2012. Web.
The process of human development is very complex. It is a continual process, providing gradual development for the fetus. Some of the most important factors to fetal development such as blood flow, heart beats, muscle development, and brain activity can all be determined within the first seven weeks of pregnancy (Baby Developme...
This process is called conception, the female is now officially two weeks pregnant and the fertilized egg is called a zygote. Let’s move on to pregnancy. Pregnancy is a state in which a woman carries a fertilized egg inside her body, it usually lasts up to 40 weeks, and it is divided into three trimesters, each lasting three months. The first month. The embryo is about a third of an inch long. The head, trunk, and the beginnings of the arms and legs have started to develop. By this month, the embryo starts to receive nutrients and releases waste through the umbilical cord and placenta. The heart also starts to beat. The second month. The heart is now pumping and the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord begins to develop. The fetus is 1 in 2.5cm now and has developed cartilage skeleton. The arms, legs, facial features and other major organs begin to appear. The third month. The fetus has grown up to 4 in 10cm and weighs a little more than an ounce. The major blood vessels are almost completed and the face starts to show up more. The kidneys and the 4 chambers of the heart are now complete. The fourth month. The fetus is now 4 oz of 112g and can kick and swallow. The
The first period, the germinal period, is classified as the first two weeks after conception, that is identified by how fast cells divide and differentiate. During this phase a zygote duplicates. After that differentiation begins, this is where early cells take on their own characteristics and move to their predetermined locations. Once that is complete a cell mass will then become either a placenta or a nucleus, together they will become the embryo. The second period is called the embryonic period. This. Is this stage of development that occurs during the third to the eighth week after conception. During this phase, the basic structural forms of the baby's body appear. At the beginning of this period a line (the primitive streak) appears turning into the neural tube, and eventually turning into the central nervous system. in the fourth week eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and minuscule blood vessels (becoming the heart) begin to appear. Between the fifth week and the end of the embryonic period arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes appear. The final stage, the