During the first post-war summer and continuing until late 2006, General John Abizaid, new CENTCOM commander, also failed to reframe the Iraqi problem correctly. Abizaid, despite mounting evidence to the contrary, believed transition from American forces to Iraqi forces and the implementation of democratic elections provided the best chance for Iraqi stability. This incorrect problem identification led to an increasingly shrinking U.S. ground force size and the removal of U.S. Soldiers from the Iraqi public as they increasingly hid on their FOBs and limited their contact with the Iraqi populace. This isolated the Iraqi people and made them vulnerable to Sunni Insurgence and Shia Militia. By the end of 2006, thousands of Iraqi citizens were dying at the hands of either Sunni insurgence or Shia militia. This flawed operational approach proved to be counterproductive the U.S. strategic objectives in Iraq. After more than three years of …show more content…
Military learned several lessons. The Army’s new Counterinsurgency manual, FM 3-24, provided many of the TTP(s) General Petraeus utilized in the Surge. But the biggest (and most painful) lessons came in response to Cobra’s very poor Phase IV planning. The U.S.’s absolute failure to properly position its ways and means to meet the POTUS ends led to the abandonment of the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES). In 2011, JP 5-0 replaced the JOPES with JOPP occurring within the Adaptive Planning and Execution (APEX) . APEX creates a more interactive planning process that ensures integration between SECDEF and CCDR. This integration reduces the potential for gaps between civilian and military end-states. JOPP, unlike JOPES, promotes operational art that facilitates staff understanding and integration “of other agencies and multinational partners toward the achievement of strategic and operational
The 2nd Brigade of 101st Airborne Division found out in the summer of 2004 that they had to prepare for the war in the Middle East more particularly for Iraq. With Colonel Todd Ebel in Command of the 2nd Division with a year to prepare over 3,400 men and woman he got right to work. Colonel Ebel started by choosing his staff and who he thought was fit to take charge and lead this ever more complicated war. It was a huge religious civil war taking place in Iraq at the time with the Sunnis at war against the Shi’ite and after the capture of Saddam insurgency started uprising immediately. This uprising along with the uprising of Muqtada al-Sadr a key leader that had lots of violent followers that soon grew into a form of a militia called Mahdi Army which became another huge problem for the U.S. because the line between a legitamite populist movement and a huge theocratic organized-crime and terror ring was a thin one. The 2nd Brigade Infantry Battalions consisted of 1-502nd (First Strike) and 2-502nd (Strike Force) and 2nd brigade as a whole is known as the “Black Hearts”. Ebel’s mission was to deny insurgent’s access to Baghdad through his AO and as intelligence increased to uproot and destroy insurgent safe havens, while also training the IA so they could ensure the stability of the region later on. Ebel chose Lt. Col. Kunk as commander of “First Strike” 1-502nd and Lt. Col. Haycock as commander of “Strike Force” 2-502nd. By Ebel’s personality evaluations of Kunk and Haycock he decided that Kunk would work in the area that involved him being more engaging where populist centers were and work with local officials and Haycock more in the fighting areas. Kunk was in command of 3 rifle companies, 1 weapons company, 1 logistics company...
As the incoming brigade commander, LTC (P) Owens, I see the critical leadership problem facing the 4th Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) is the inability or unwillingness of Colonel Cutler to lead and manage change effectively. In initial talks with Col Cutler and in reviewing the brigade’s historical unit status reports, the 4th ABCT performed as well as can be expected in Afghanistan, but as the onion was peeled back there are numerous organizational issues that were brought to the surface while I walked around and listened to the soldiers of the 4th ABCT, in addition to reviewing the Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) report. One of the most formidable tasks of a leader is to improve the organization while simultaneously accomplishing
Effective planning is impossible without first understanding the problem. Commanders rely on personal observations, experiences, and input from others to develop understanding. They also prioritize information requests and incorporate additional information as those requests are answered. A complete understanding of the problem and environment builds the foundation for the operational process and ...
Operation Desert Shield was launched by President H.W. Bush to increase the amount of forces and troops in areas surrounding Kuwait and mainly in Saudi Arabia in response to the 120,000 troops and 2,000 tanks invading Kuwait. The United Nations called for the Iraqi army’s extraction from their presence in Kuwait, however Hussein went ag...
“‘They score! Henderson has scored for Canada!’” Foster Hewitt wordlessly described” (Pelletier) when Paul Henderson scored the series-winning goal. This allowed Canada to win the 1972 Summit Series, a moment that no one would ever forget since it all happened during the climax of the Cold War. Prior to this, the Soviets had won the previous three Olympic gold metals since Canada could not use its NHL players. Thus, this provided Canada with the chance to play hockey against the USSR using its best players. This raised the question: if Canada were able to send its best players, would it still be enough to beat the Soviets? Everyone in Canada was certain that the Soviets would not win a single game, but little did they know they underestimated the extent of the Soviets abilities. Tied in the last few minutes of game eight, Canada had to score or they would lose the series. However, when Paul Henderson scored the game-winning goal, never before had a single sporting event meant so much to Canadians. Therefore, Paul Henderson’s goal is a defining moment for Canada in the twentieth century becauseit provided Canada with the opportunity to evolve hockey, proved that Canada and our democratic society were superior to the USSR and their communist society, and brought citizens together to unify Canada as a nation.
The Hunger Games was a critically acclaimed movie when it came out; however, some critics would argue that the movie can be sometimes too violent for its intended audience. In this essay I would dissert Brian Bethune’s essay “Dystopia Now” in order to find its weaknesses and compare the movie Battle Royale with his essay.
In today’s operational environments, the U.S. Army is facing a range of problems and mission sets that are arguably more complex than previously encountered. Forces face an array of demands that encompass geo-political, social, cultural, and military factors that interact in unpredictable ways. The inherent complexity of today’s operations has underscored the need for the Army to expand beyond its traditional approach to operational planning. In March 2010 in FM 5-0: The Operations
On March 18, 2003, Coalition forces would launch the initial attacks on Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. A full invasion of the country followed, and Hussein was overthrown from power. While the end of Hussein’s oppressive reign was considered a victory for many of the Iraqi people, the Sunnis of the Ba’ath Party refused to accept his demise. Although the Sunnis were in the minority, the city of Fallujah would remain home to many of the Ba’ath Party supporters. On March 31, 2004, almost a year to date from the end of Hussein’s reign, four American Blackwater contactors working in Fallujah were attacked, brutally beaten, burned and dismembered by a group of Iraqi insurgents. Two of the bodies were hung from a bridge for all of the citizens of Fallujah to see, and a mob style celebration took place in the city. The highly publicized incident would be the igniter for the First Battle of Fallujah, known as Operation Vigilant Resolve. On May 1, 2004, the battle would end with the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the city and control being turned over to the newly formed Fallujah Brigade. The mission as a whole was a failure, and the shortcomings of Operation Vigilant Resolve were ultimately a demonstration of the underestimation of the power, size, efficiency, organization and control that the Insurgent Forces had in Iraq as well as the lack of a consistent strategic plan from the American forces.
ADM McDonald failed to clearly and concisely convey his commander’s intent express to the joint force. The commander must clearly and concisely express what the force must do and the conditions the force must establish to accomplish the mission. ADM Mcdonald received guidance from the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) for Operation Urgent Fury. ADM McDonald issued the guidance to the LANTCOM staff that began the planning process for the operation. Based his guidance, the staff developed a phased operation that establishing the endstate and the conditions to meet that end. However, LANTCOM excluded staff planners from other services during the early stages of planning. The exclusion resulted in a joint force unsure of the commander’s intent and the part each service would play during the operation. For example, the LANTCOM held a pre-deployment conference a few days before the invasion. The 82nd Airborne Division planners departed the conference unsure of the division’s role for the operation. LANTCOM plan for Operation Urgent Fury resulted in a navy plan for joint operations instead of a joint plan for joint operation. The failure to convey the commander’s intent ensured a joint force conducting indep...
In “The Fish” by Elizabeth Bishop, the narrator attempts to understand the relationship between humans and nature and finds herself concluding that they are intertwined due to humans’ underlying need to take away from nature, whether through the act of poetic imagination or through the exploitation and contamination of nature. Bishop’s view of nature changes from one where it is an unknown, mysterious, and fearful presence that is antagonistic, to one that characterizes nature as being resilient when faced against harm and often victimized by people. Mary Oliver’s poem also titled “The Fish” offers a response to Bishop’s idea that people are harming nature, by providing another reason as to why people are harming nature, which is due to how people are unable to view nature as something that exists and goes beyond the purpose of serving human needs and offers a different interpretation of the relationship between man and nature. Oliver believes that nature serves as subsidence for humans, both physically and spiritually. Unlike Bishop who finds peace through understanding her role in nature’s plight and acceptance at the merging between the natural and human worlds, Oliver finds that through the literal act of consuming nature can she obtain a form of empowerment that allows her to become one with nature.
The Great Gatsby, is beautifully written, and uses symbols effectively, drawing the reader in, and piquing their interest from chapter one to chapter nine. The use of color is most common in the novel, with the use of of many colors the author is able to subtly get his point across. Fitzgerald also uses locations like the Valley of Ash. Objects are used as a way to create mystery and suspense. The symbols help the reader understand the novel better by adding details that make the story more interesting.
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl opens up with an introduction with a protagonist Linda (Harriet Jacobs) a slave girl which was born as a slave and states her reasons why she kept her autobiography private for so long. As Linda goes on and talk about her lifestyle as women slave, on the other hand I will be comparing the life style of another slave Olaudah Equiano who is a male slave which has a different point perspective of how he uses strategies to gain freedom from his master. How does gender complicate Linda’s (Harriet Jacobs) situation in comparison to Olaudah Equaino’s to gain freedom from their masters? Or does her gender complicate her situation? In a comparison of gender such as female and male there were always big difference which is also stated in the bible, from the Apostle Paul women were created second, sinner first and should always be kept silent. So what makes Linda’s gender so complicated to gain freedom from her master? The answer as stated in the book she was owned by Dr.Flint’s daughter which she couldn’t gain her freedom as long as the daughter did not gave her freedom, such on the other Equiano was owned by a master who gave him freedom. What was the reason why Linda could not get her freedom? Gender , Christianity, Strategies.
Feeling complete with your own personal mental and physical standpoints is essential if you ever want a fulfilling relationship. Knowing your own ability to live vigilantly day to day, being gratified with the prospects of how you are living your life up untill this point. This is what determines wether your ready to take the step into entering a relationship. Every point in ones life is a learning experience. Treating past relationships as learning experiences help to better your understanding of what your really looking to gain out of future relationships. The following paragraphs discuss a story of my past. This story revolves around a relationship taking place at a negative point in my life. So my lesson to you is one I learned the hard way. Being happy with yourself is vital before attempting to by happy with someone else.
“Operational design is a journey of discovery, not a destination.” Operational design provides a framework, with the guidance of the Joint Force Commander (JFC), that staffs and planning groups can use to give political leaders, commanders, and warfighters a comprehensive understanding of the nature of the problems and objectives for which military forces will be committed, or are planned to be committed. Furthermore, operational design supports commanders and planners to make sense of complicated operational environments (often with ill-structured or wicked problems), helps to analyze wicked problem, and devise an operational approach to solve the problem in the context of the operational environment.
Armed with numerous studies, and intensive public hearings, Congress mandated far-reaching changes in DOD organization and responsibilities in the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. This landmark legislation significantly expanded the authority and responsibility of the chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff. Included in this expanded authority and responsibility was the requirement for the chairman to develop a doctrine for the joint employment of armed forces. As operations Urgent Fury, Just Cause, and Desert Storm have vividly demonstrated, the realities of armed conflict in today's world make the integration of individual service capabilities a matter of success or failure, life or death. Furthermore, the operation Desert One demonstrated the need for a strengthened Joint Warfare Doctrine and the consequent change in Joint Warfare Employment. It is plain to see the benefits of having the greatest navy integrated with the world's greatest army and air force. However, even in the wake of a relatively successful joint operation in the Middle East (Desert Storm), certain weaknesses are evident in the current joint employment tactics and/or capabilities. By analyzing past operations such as Urgent Fury and Desert Storm, we are able to see sufficient evidence that the Joint Warfare Concept can be disastrous in one instance and virtually flawless in another.