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The origin, causes and effects of Aids
History of hiv/aids
History of hiv/aids
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS, is a recently recognized disease
entity. It is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
which attacks selected cells in the immune system (see IMMUNITY) and produces
defects in function. These defects may not be apparent for years. They lead in
a relentless fashion, however, to a severe suppression of the immune system's
ability to resist harmful organisms. This leaves the body open to an invasion
by various infections, which are therefore called opportunistic diseases, and to
the development of unusual cancers. The virus also tends to reach certain brain
cells. This leads to so-called neuropsychiatric abnormalities, or psychological
disturbances caused by physical damage to nerve cells. Since the first AIDS
cases were reported in 1981, through mid-1992, more than 190,000 AIDS cases and
more than 152,000 deaths had been reported in the United States alone. This is
only the tip of the iceberg of HIV infection, however. It is estimated that
between 1 million and 1.5 million Americans had been infected with the virus by
the early 1990s but had not yet developed clinical symptoms. In addition,
although the vast majority of documented cases have occurred in the United
States, AIDS cases have been reported in about 162 countries worldwide. Sub-
Saharan Africa in particular appears to suffer a heavy burden of this illness.
No cure or vaccine now exists for AIDS. Many of those infected with HIV may not
even be aware that they carry and can spread the virus. It is evident that HIV
infection represents an epidemic of serious proportions. Combating it is a
major challenge to biomedical scientists and health-care providers. HIV
infection and AIDS represent one of the most pressing public policy and public
health problems worldwide.
Definition of AIDS
The U. S. CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL has established criteria for defining
cases of AIDS that are based on laboratory evidence, the presence of certain
opportunistic diseases, and a range of other conditions. The opportunistic
diseases are generally the most prominent and life-threatening clinical
manifestations of AIDS. It is now recognized, however, that neuropsychiatric
manifestations of HIV infection of the brain are also common. Other
complications of HIV infection include fever, diarrhea, severe weight loss, and
swollen lymph nodes (see LYMPHATIC SYSTEM). When HIV-infected persons experience
some of the above symptoms but do not meet full criteria for AIDS, they are
given the diagnosis of AIDS-related complex, or ARC. The growing feeling is
that asymptomatic HIV infection and ARC should not be viewed as distinct
entities but, rather, as stages of an irreversible progression toward AIDS.
Historical Background
In the late 1970s, certain rare types of cancer and a variety of serious
Throughout Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck learns a variety of life lessons and improves as a person. Huck goes through a maturing process much different than most, he betters a conscience and begins to feel for humanity versus society. His trip down the river can be seen as a passage into manhood, where his character changes as he can relate with the river and nature.
There is no vaccine for HIV, but there are some drugs that can extend their lives. Some of the treatments that are offered are very expensive and are not available to all people with HIV. Also, these treatments do not work for about 20% of people who have tried them. Some of the best ways to avoid contracting HIV is to abstain from sexual intercourse and from sharing needles if you do drugs. Do not share personal items that may be contaminated with blood.
The Mississippi River, the prominent setting in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was the place that Huck discovered his own logic. The Mississippi River was calm and sweet. Huck especially liked it because it was away from society. “Not a sound, anywheres—perfectly still—just like the whole world was asleep, only sometimes the bullfrogs a-cluttering maybe.” (Twain 108). Traveling on the river, Huck encountered some unlikely companions that taught him lessons about life. The first is when they encounter the two robbers on the Walter Scott, Huck and Finn board not expecting to see them there. They escape by jumping into the robbers’ boat and heading off as quietly as possible. When they are six hundred yards away, Huck feels bad for the robbers that were left stranded on the ship. It is an important aspect of Huck’s character development because he demonstrates that even though the robbers were bad men that did not deserve his compassion, they were also people in need of help. So he sends help for them. Huck reaches the point on the river where he meets the Grangerford family who are pleasant and respectable people. However, ...
Set in pre-civil war America, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn takes place along the Mississippi river. As Huckleberry travels along it he learns lessons about life, society and most importantly; himself. Surrounded by a world of prejudice and racism, Huck is forced to learn to make decisions on his own. He is able to learn from the imperfections in the rest of the world as he views them. While on the river, Huck and Jim are at peace. The river symbolizes freedom for both Jim and Huck. The river is Jim’s path to freedom from slavery, and it is Huck’s freedom from society. When Jim and Huck journey onto the banks of the river they see the inhumanity to man that goes on in the world. This juxtaposition of the river and the land help emphasize the peacefulness of the river in comparison to the crazy society on land. Huck learns to think for himself, and tries not to conform to the ways of the people on the land. Although the world that he lives in teaches him to be a racist, his journey down the river teaches him to use his own mind, and find out what he really believes in.
In his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses nature not only as ally, but as a deterrent in Huck Finn's search for independence and Jim's search for freedom. The most prominent force of nature in the novel was the Mississippi River. The river was not only their escape route, but perhaps it became their biggest enemy because it was always unpredictable. Nature is the strongest factor in the novel because in a completely different geographical setting the story would have had not only a different outcome, but Huck and Jim might never have found friendship and freedom. Twain changes his tone when describing the Mississippi River from wry and sarcastic to flowing and daydreaming. This change in tone illustrates his own appreciation for the beauty and significance that nature holds for him.
The Ancient Aztec government got its structure from units of society that existed long before the Aztec empire was founded. Families didn't individually own land, the land was owned by a group of families, called the calpulli. This structure of local government existed long before the Aztec empire. The head in the calpulli would be responsible for the basic needs of the group. The Inca were able to keep control over their vast empire by using of a number of techniques and practices that assured either cooperation or
...ion. Twain ends his novel by setting Huck up for a new experience and personal growth. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn taught an important lesson, one that showed the importance of the self in the maturing process. We saw Huck grow up by having the river as a place of solitude and thought, where he was able to participate in society at times, and also sit back and observe society. Through the child's eye we see how ignorant and mob-like we can all be. Then nature, peace, and logic are presented in the form of the river where Huck goes to think. Though no concise answer is given, the literature forces the reader to examine their surroundings, and question their leaders.
Mark Twain was mostly known for his accurate account of his surroundings. After spending his childhood near the Mississippi River, he developed an understanding of literature and the use of symbolism in his works. In “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”, Twain reflected Finn’s character as a free spirit, whose actions could be reflected to the river itself. Twain majorly used symbolism in his works. the river was one of the symbols in book, where it is highlighted to be independent and free of all worldly bounds and limitations. This is shown in the character of Huckleberry Finn, as he chooses to live a life of freedom near the river. He pursued adventures, which were not considered to be normal in that particular society. Additionally, he was not limited by worldly responsibilities and was flexible in his approaches, throughout the novel. Similarly, another symbol was Jim. He was a symbol of slavery and reflected the lives of all the slaves in that period of time. Through his actions and the treatment he receives, the readers could develop an understanding of the life of a slave and the attitudes of the society ...
Before the Europeans even thought about finding a way to China and accidentally found the America, a group of Indians lived in South America. These Indians were called the Incans. Incans ruled the West side of South America. The empire ran through parts of many present day countries: Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. The Incan Empire was a great civilization that thrived for many years and paved the way for modern civilation.
We have all encountered this situation: A small child is standing in the middle of a department store throwing a complete temper tantrum demanding a toy. His mother, exasperated threatens him with time-outs and other deprived privileges, but the stubborn child continues to kick and scream. In the "old days," a mother wouldn't think twice about marching the defiant child to the bathroom and giving him a good spanking to straighten him out, but these days, parents have to worry about someone screaming child abuse. Whether or not to spank a child has become a heated issue in today's society.
In document 4, “As soon as the Incan ruler had conquered any kingdom and set up his government, he ordered that the farmland used and grow corn be extended. For this purpose, he ordered irrigation channels and be constructed”. This was a significant achievement because this engineering technique makes it possible for corn and other crops and be grown on land that otherwise might not be productive.The Inca empire was supported by taxes, and agriculture pays a big role and it. Document 5 is a map that shows the Incan empire in 1565. This map shows the roads and trail with which the government unites its empire in the Andes Mountains. This also shows their engineering skills. As well as to document 6, where a photograph of the ruins of Machu Picchu is shown this provides more evidence of the superior building design and farming techniques of the Incas in Peru. The Incas used fitted stones together and built houses. They also terraced mountainsides and increase the farmland available and grow crops.
The Incan empire begins to form in the late thirteenth century, when the city of Cuzco is founded. The legend of the origins of the Incan people says that four brothers emerged from a cave and are considered the leaders of the people because they are the Son of the Sun, or Godlike in nature. They find the city of Cuzco and begin to gain more geographical and political power in the fifteenth century. The ruler, or Sapa Inca, that creates the overwhelming complex and enormous Incan Empire is Pachacuti. He is the absolute ruler of the empire and is said to be the Son of the Sun. He begins to attack neighboring civilizations and conquers the territory, stretching the empire from present day Ecu...
...en again, the Incas had a huge impact in the dialect, religion, music, and expressions throughout today's general public in nations like Peru.
no cure for HIV/AIDS there is and was medication that could have been distributed in South Africa.