Aggressive technology scaling has resulted in increasing process variations and statistical diversity in manufacturing. Process variations result in varying in path lengths, and thus a possibly different set of critical paths for different process corners, necessitating consideration of process variation in delay test methods. Also, process variation adds some of near-critical paths to the critical/longest paths set [4]. Therefore, to maintain the reliability of circuits, testing methodologies need to be improved. As technologies scales down process variation effect become more significant. Process variation causes circuit performance deviate from its initial design expectation. Therefore, it may lead to reducing the timing margins and hence, increasing the timing violation probability. As the result by shrinking the size of the transistors the importance of delay test has become more and more [10]. Process variation is a combination of systematic effects and random effects (e.g. the number of dopant atoms implanted in a transistor) which cause variation in frequency [9]. It should be noted that the random type variations especially RDF (Random Dopant Fluctuation) are dominant [14]. In order to deal with timing defects, two fault models had been used, path delay fault and transition delay fault. Small delay defects (SDD) are one type of delay defects which is affected by variations like process variation, cross-talk and power supply noise effects. SDDs introduce a small amount of extra delay to design [10] in new technology scales. The delay introduced by SDD is small, but the overall impact can effect on the performance of the target circuit if the sensitized path is critical. In order to capture cumulative effect of small delay... ... middle of paper ... ...proposed method, by considering the gates sharing between the paths, prunes the candidate critical path set U. All the paths in the U have the potential to violate the predefined timing constraint (TC). Pruning the path set before provides us to use optimal methods with an acceptable runtime. Therefore, after this phase, we propose to use an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) method to find the best path set from the pruned set. For ILP selection, we propose an objective function which considers both correlation between paths and, the criticality of each path. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The works in the field of the path selection on the presentence of the process variation are addressed in Section II. Section III describes the proposed heuristic method. The experimental results are described in section IV and the paper is concluded in Section V.
Production has also been economised by the introduction automated production with continual processes. This allows an easy and flexible method to
Lag times happen at restaurants often causing service breakdowns. These breakdowns can lead to longer wait times, longer lines, sometimes service and product quality can decrease. For example, if someone messes up an order for a
...hborhood, additive CA are ideally suited for V LSI implementation. Different applications ranging from V LSI test domains to the design of a hardwired version of different CA based schemes have been proposed.
Education is one of the most important tools that society possesses. The right implementation of this tool is one of the greatest ways of assuring the quality of life within a society. The ability to better ourselves, is one of the strongest inherit abilities of the human race. At its most basic definition, education is nothing more than the teaching of ideas. The early stages of schooling instill more attitude and social skills than knowledge. The younger stages of a person's life are usually the most definable years of their lives. As the age and skill level of the student increases, more education is based upon the interest of the student. For society to progress and excel, every generation must learn just a little more. Education is important and the ways that it is tested should show the most accurate measure of achievement. SOL's (Standards of Learning) is the testing I am going to explain, and why it should not be required in high school as a form of measurement of a students achievement.
every size of chip. By doing this I will find out if the rate of
It is a step of defining the goals of the projects and the results are aimed at reaching certain levels of productivity of customer satisfaction. The second stage is measure, and it is the stage of collecting data and facts and evaluating current operational performance. The third stage is analyze with the purpose of developing methods and theories that will best suit the solving of the problem; it is also a stage of detecting cause-and-effect ties of the processes. The fourth stage is improve, it is aimed at generating ideas for reaching the desired process improvement. Finally, there is the control stage that is about monitoring the operations to find out whether the process of improvement is smooth and the problems were solved (Meredith & Shafer,
A single point of failure refers to the failure of a component that can terminate
Assuming that the rush order is placed for one dozen cookies it will take at least 26 minutes (process throughput time) to fill it. This is a sum up of the time of all processing steps the total time from the moment the order arrives till it is finished.
Furthermore, Domino’s Pizza needs to improve on the 30 minute guarantee to make the delivery more efficient and dependable. When the customer place an order, the system can track the distance and tell them how long exactly the time take to arrive. This makes the promise more realistic.
“Differentiating RISC and CISC technology is difficult because because both are suitable at its specific application. What is important is how fast a chip can execute the instructions it is given and how well it runs existing software. Currently, both RISC and CISC manufacturers are doing everything to get an edge on the competition.
Moor’s Law: The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months. (Moore, 1965)
Saeeid Tahmasbi Oskuii [et al.[1]] titled “Comparative study on low-power high-performance flip-flops” - factors to evaluate the overall performance of the flip flop viz., High speed, low power consumption, robustness and noise stability, small area and less number of transistors, supply voltage scalability, low glitch probability, large internal race immunity, insensitivity to clock edge, insensitivity to process variables, less internal activity when data activity is low.Latches and flip flops and the salient difference in their working is explained. Terms such as propagation delay, setup and hold time and their significance are explained. Differences between static and dynamic flip flops are explained. Effects of Charge sharing as the most common cause of dynamic flip flop failure is explained. Similarly the single edge and double edge triggered flip flops are touched upon as already discussed in (et al. [3]).Single ended flip-flop and differential flip flops are mentioned. The performance
So what’s the big issue with traditional testing methods? They’ve been instituted for years and no one seemed to have a problem before now. Well, in the past decade, the nation’s citizens have become increasingly compassionate towards students and their individual needs. President George W. Bush has gotten generous praise for his No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 as a result of popular concerns among communities across the country. While the act may still have areas in need of improvement, it illustrates that educators, parents, and students alike have been desirous of reform within school systems. “The number of calls complaining about high-stakes exams coming from parents...are increasing, and is a reason for concern” (Report, 2001). The recent act caters to the actualization that students are different from one another, and in order for teaching and learning to take place in a non-discriminatory manner, adjustments must be made. According to the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), “Alternative assessment is any form of measuring what students know and are able to do other than traditional standardized tests. Alternative forms of assessment include portfolios that are collections of students' work over time, performance-based assessments, and other means of testing students such as open-ended essays with no single correct answer, and project work that involves collaboration with peers” (2000). Students learn in many ways. Some learn by listening to lessons and may prefer an environment with the aid of music and rhythm. Others may be visual learners who gather information by looking at photographs or watching videos. There are still others that learn kinesthetic...
Differential analysis is useful in many situations faced by the management and it has to choice between different alternatives for each situation to make the necessary decision. Some of these situations are as follows:
The development of the manufacturing industry, quality and control, manufacturing capacity increase or the duration and the need to reduce cost has arisen is inevitable. Thus automation and programming concepts were started years ago. Automation is a machine's operative procedures and their sequence start form beginnig to end without human intervention, and its done automatically. Programming of the sequence of operations is prerared and tranfered to the counter. A bench during the operation of the program, and in the process, this will provide for amendments to the alignment and speed, then the counter is called flexibility.